Masifunde ngakumbi malunga nosulelo lwentsholongwane. Musa ukoyika, masithethe!

Ngaba nawe uhlala ukhathazwa ngumkhuhlane nokukhwehlela kule mihla? Okanye ngaba unesisu esibuhlungu, umzimba ubuhlungu, kunye nomkhuhlane? Uninzi lwazo lubangelwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba yintsholongwane. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokuba yintoni intsholongwane, kutheni siyifumana, kunye nendlela esinokuzikhusela ngayo kuzo. Akukho mfuneko yokoyika, masiqonde yonke into ngokulula.

Yintoni intsholongwane? Masiyiqonde ngokulula!

Cinga nje, iintsholongwane zizinto eziphilayo ezincinci kakhulu esingenakuzibona ngamehlo ethu. Sinokuzibona kuphela xa sijonga ngemakroskopu. Xa ezi ntsholongwane zingena emizimbeni yethu, zithatha iiseli zethu zize ziqale ukwenza iikopi zazo, oko kukuthi, iintsholongwane ezingaphezulu, ngaphakathi kwezo seli. Kufana nomntu ongena endlwini yethu aze asebenzise izinto zethu ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe. Ngoko ke, xa iintsholongwane zisasazeka ngolu hlobo emizimbeni yethu, sifumana usulelo lwentsholongwane .

Olu hlobo lwentsholongwane luyamangalisa. Azinakuphila zodwa okanye zizale. Ngokuqinisekileyo zidinga iseli ephilayo ukuze zenze loo nto. Kunje: Intsholongwane ifana nemvulophu encinci, ngaphakathi kuyo kukho ulwazi oluncinci lwemfuza yazo (nokuba yi-'DNA' okanye i-'RNA'), egqunywe yiqokobhe elikhuselayo ('capsid'). Le mvulophu iqulethe imiyalelo yokwenza iintsholongwane ezingaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, iiseli zethu zifana nomzi-mveliso opheleleyo. Inazo zonke imiyalelo kunye noomatshini bokuphumeza loo miyalelo. Iiseli zethu zinokwenza iiproteni, zenze iiseli ezingaphezulu. Ngoko ke into eyenziwa ziintsholongwane kukuba, zingene kwiiseli zethu zize zisebenzise olu "matshini" kwiiseli zethu ukuze zenze iikopi zazo. Le yindlela iintsholongwane ezisasazeka ngayo emizimbeni yethu, kwaye sigula enye emva kwenye.

Ingaba le yintsholongwane? Ingaba yintsholongwane? Wazi njani ngokuqinisekileyo?

Lo ngumbuzo esihlala siwubuza. Iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela, iintlungu zomzimba, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukurhawuzelela kwesikhumba kunokubangelwa zizifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane. Ke ngoko, ngugqirha kuphela onokukuxelela ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba unentsholongwane okanye intsholongwane. Ukuba uneempawu kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, okanye ukuba uzive ungaphili kakuhle, qiniseka ukuba ufuna ingcebiso kagqirha. Baza kukuhlola kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, benze uvavanyo ukuze bafumane ukuba yintoni engalunganga.

Ziziphi iintlobo zosulelo lwentsholongwane ezikhoyo?

Usulelo lwentsholongwane lunokwahlulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha luhlelwa ngokwenxalenye yomzimba echaphazeleka yintsholongwane, indlela esasazeka ngayo, kunye neempawu ezibangelayo. Ezinye iintlobo zeentsholongwane, ezifana neentsholongwane ze-herpes kunye neentsholongwane ze-adenovirus, zinokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo. Makhe sijonge ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zosulelo lwentsholongwane:

Izifo zokuphefumla

Ezi zezona zixhaphakileyo phakathi kwethu. Zichaphazela iindawo ezifana nempumlo, umphimbo, iindlela zomoya, kunye nemiphunga. Iintsholongwane ezininzi zokuphefumla zibangela i-bronchitis (ukudumba kweendlela zomoya) , i-sinusitis (sinusitis),(i-sinusitis), usulelo lwendlebe, okanye iimeko ezinzulu ngakumbi ezifana ne-pneumonia zinokwenzeka. Nazi imizekelo embalwa:

• Umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo (odla ngokubangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiRhinovirus)
• Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
• I-Covid-19 (i-COVID-19)
• Intsholongwane ye-Respiratory Syncytial (RSV)
• I-Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
• I-parainfluenza

Usulelo lwentsholongwane kwinkqubo yakho yokugaya ukutya

Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela amalungu omzimba afana namathumbu nesibindi.

• Iintsholongwane ezifana neNorovirus, iRotavirus, kunye neAstrovirus zinokubangela imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi -gastroenteritis , ebonakala ngokudumba kwesisu, ukuhlanza, kunye norhudo. Abanye abantu babiza oku ngokuthi "yi-stomach flu."
• Iintsholongwane zeHepatitis zibangela isifo sesibindi. Ezi ntsholongwane ngamanye amaxesha zinokuhlala ixesha elide (zihlala ixesha elide).

Izifo zokopha ezibangelwa yintsholongwane

Ezi ziyingozi kancinci. Ezi ntsholongwane zinokuchaphazela inkqubo yokujiya kwegazi, zenze buthathaka imithambo yegazi, kwaye zibangele ukopha okusongela ubomi.

• I-Ebola
• Isifo semiphunga seHantavirus
• I-dengue eqatha
• Umkhuhlane otyheli

Izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo (iiSTI)

Ezi zisasazeka kakhulu kukunxibelelana ngesondo okungakhuselekanga.

• Intsholongwane ye-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Intsholongwane yeHuman Papilloma (HPV) / Iintsumpa zesini
• I-Herpes yesini (HSV)
• I-Hepatitis B

Usulelo lwentsholongwane oluvela ngaphandle

Ezi ntsholongwane zingabangela amaqhuqhuva eluswini, amaqhuqhuva, okanye amabala egazi phantsi kolusu. Zinokubangela neempawu zokuphefumla.

• Iqhwiqhwi
• I-Mascus
• I-Rubella (iRubella - i-German measles)
• URoseola
• Isifo sesihlanu
• I-Mpox

Usulelo lwe-neurological

Ezinye iintsholongwane zihlasela iiseli zenkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo (oko kukuthi, ingqondo kunye nomqolo). Oku kunokubangela iimeko ezisongela ubomi ezifana nokukhubazeka, ukudumba kwengqondo okanye ukugquma kwengqondo ( i-encephalitis okanye i-meningitis ).

• Intsholongwane yeWest Nile
• Ipoliyo
• Isifo seRabies

Usulelo lwentsholongwane oluzalwa nalo

Ezi zizifo zokuzalwa. Zinokudluliselwa kumama okhulelweyo ukuya kumntwana wakhe nokuba usesibelekweni okanye ekuzalweni kwakhe. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwentsholongwane, oku kunokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo, ezinje ngokuphazamiseka kokubona okanye ukuva, ukulibaziseka kokukhula, kunye neengxaki zemithambo-luvo.

• I-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• I-Rubella
• Intsholongwane kaZika

Ngoobani abachaphazeleka kakhulu zizifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane?

Sonke sifumana usulelo lwentsholongwane ngaxa lithile ebomini bethu. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu basengozini enkulu yokugula kakhulu ngenxa yalo. Oku kuquka:

• Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala kunye nabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala.
• Abantu abanezifo zemiphunga ezihlala ixesha elide ezifana neDiabetes Mellitus, i-Asthma, kunye ne-COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
• Abantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka (umzekelo, abantu abane-HIV/AIDS, izigulane ezinomhlaza, abantu abasebenzisa amayeza acinezela inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela).
• Oomama abakhulelweyo.

Zithini iimpawu zosulelo lwentsholongwane?

Iimpawu zosulelo lwentsholongwane zixhomekeke ekubeni usuleleke phi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimpawu eziqhelekileyo onokuzibona:

• Iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane: umkhuhlane, intloko ebuhlungu, iintlungu zomzimba, ukudinwa.
• Iimpawu zokuphefumla eziphezulu: umphimbo obuhlungu, ukukhwehlela, ukuthimla.
• Iimpawu zenkqubo yokugaya ukutya: isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, urhudo.
• Iingxaki zesikhumba: amaqhuqhuva, amanxeba, amadyungudyungu, iintsumpa.

Khumbula, ezinye izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane zinokubakho ngaphandle kokubonisa zimpawu.

Yintoni ebangela usulelo lwentsholongwane?

Nangona iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane zinokubangela usulelo, zimbalwa kuphela kuzo ezisulela abantu. Ezi ntsholongwane zinokungena emizimbeni yethu ngempumlo, umlomo, amehlo, i-anus, amalungu esini, okanye ngokuqhekeka kwesikhumba. Zakuba zingaphakathi, zingena kwiiseli zethu kwaye zisebenzise ezo seli ukwenza iikopi zazo.

Siyifumana njani intsholongwane?

Kukho iindlela ezininzi eziphambili zokudluliselwa kwezifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane:

• Kwabanye abantu: xa bekhohlela, bethimla, okanye besondelelene. Khawucinge nje, ukuba umntu uthimla ebhasini, inokusasaza ngokulula komnye umntu.
• Kwiindawo ezichukunyiswe ngumntu onentsholongwane: iitafile, izibambo zomnyango, iifowuni. Ezi ntsholongwane zinokufumaneka kwiindawo esizichukumisa rhoqo.
• Ukusuka kwisondo esingakhuselekanga.
• I-dengue ibangelwa kukulunywa sisilwanyana esinesifo, ingcongconi, okanye intakumba.
• Ukuba utya ukutya okungcolileyo okanye usela amanzi anentsholongwane.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba uninzi lwezifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ziyasulelana . Oku kuthetha ukuba zinokusasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Ngenxa yokuba iintsholongwane zifuna into ephilayo ukuze ziphile, ziyasinda ngokusasazeka phakathi kwabantu.

Indlela yokubona usulelo lwentsholongwane?

Ugqirha unokuvavanya iimpawu zakho aze akuhlole ukuze abone ukuba unentsholongwane na. Ukuze afumanise ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwentsholongwane, banokuthatha iswab empumlweni okanye emqaleni wakho, okanye isampuli yegazi, baze bayithumele ukuze ivavanywe.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba intsholongwane kucingelwa ukuba ibangele ukudumba okukhulu kwisitho sangaphakathi, njengemiphunga okanye ingqondo, ugqirha unokuyalela ii-X-ray, i-ultrasound, i-MRI, okanye ii-CT scans. Nangona le mifanekiso ingenakukwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni intsholongwane, inokunceda ukuqonda iziphumo ebenazo emzimbeni.

Uvavanyo losulelo lwentsholongwane

Ugqirha wakho unokuthatha iisampulu zolwelo lomzimba wakho okanye izicubu aze azithumele kwilebhu ukuze ajonge iimpawu zosulelo lwentsholongwane (i-DNA/RNA yentsholongwane, ii-antibodies, okanye ii-antigens). Ezi ntlobo zesampulu ziquka:

• Igazi
• Amathe
• I-sputum
• Iswabhu yempumlo/yempumlo
• Iisampulu ezithathwe kulusu okanye kwezinye izicwili ezichaphazelekayo
• Ulwelo olujikeleze ingqondo kunye nomqolo (`ulwelo lwe-CNS`)
• Umchamo
• Isitulo
• Iiseli zomlomo wesibeleko (i-Pap smear). Uvavanyo lwe-Pap lunokufumanisa i-HPV (i-human papillomavirus). Nangona i-HPV inokubangela umhlaza, ayisoloko ibangela iimpawu.

Zinyangwa njani izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane?

Enyanisweni, zimbalwa kakhulu izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane ezineendlela ezithile zonyango. Kwizifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane ezisongela ubomi okanye ezihlala ixesha elide, ugqirha unokukunika amayeza okanye unyango oluthintela ukugula emva kokuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yintsholongwane.

Kwizifo ezincinci ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, unokuhlala ulawula iimpawu ekhaya uze ulinde de isifo siphile ngokwaso.

Ngawaphi amayeza asetyenziswa ukunyanga iintsholongwane?

• Amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane: La mayeza asebenza ngokuthintela iintsholongwane ekubeni zenze iikopi ezingaphezulu zazo (ukuziphindaphinda) emzimbeni. Asetyenziselwa ukulawula ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lezinye izifo zokuphefumla. Nangona kunjalo, amayeza onke okulwa neentsholongwane asebenza kuphela kuhlobo olunye lwentsholongwane. Kukho amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane kwizifo ezifana nomkhuhlane, i-COVID-19, i-hepatitis B kunye ne-C, i-HIV, kunye ne-smallpox.
• I-plasma yokuchacha: Kwezinye iimeko, umntu onosulelo lwentsholongwane olusongela ubomi unyangwa ngokutofelwa igazi. Oku kuquka ukuthatha igazi kumntu owayenayo intsholongwane efanayo waza waphila, kunye nokunika i-plasma isigulana nge-IV. Le plasma iqulethe ii-antibodies. Ezi zinceda ekulweni nosulelo. Izifo ezifana ne-COVID-19 kunye ne-Ebola ngamanye amaxesha ziye zanyangwa ngale ndlela.
• Uthintelo emva kokuchaphazeleka:Kukho unyango olunokukuthintela ekuguleni emva kokuba ukhe wachaphazeleka ziintsholongwane ezisongela ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, olu nyango kufuneka lunikwe ngaphambi kokuba ube neempawu. Olu nyango luquka amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane kunye nonyango lwe-immunoglobulin (antibody). Olu nyango lufumaneka kwizifo ezifana ne-HIV, i-rabies, i-hepatitis B, kunye ne-chickenpox.

Ngaba amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ayasebenza kwintsholongwane?

Nantsi into ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka uyazi. Hayi! Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane awayi kunyanga usulelo lwentsholongwane. Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane luhlobo lonyango olubulala iintsholongwane. Iintsholongwane zizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke ugqirha uza kukunika amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kuphela ukuba ucinga ukuba unentsholongwane. Ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ngokungeyomfuneko akulunganga emzimbeni wakho, kwaye kunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweentsholongwane ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza.

Ndingazilawula njani iimpawu zam?

Ukuba unentsholongwane elula nelula yokuphefumla okanye intsholongwane yesisu, unokuhlala ulawula iimpawu zakho ekhaya. Ukusebenzisa amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha (i-OTC), ukusela ulwelo oluninzi, kunye nokuphumla ngokwaneleyo kunokukunceda uzive ungcono de intsholongwane idlule. Nangona kunjalo, kungcono ukubonana nogqirha ngaphambi kokuba uthathe naliphi na iyeza.

Ungazikhusela njani kwiintsholongwane? (Ukuthintela)

Enye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokuzikhusela kwizifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane kukugonywa. Ugqirha wakho angakunceda ukhethe ukuba zeziphi izitofu ezifanelekileyo kuwe. Ezi zingabandakanya:

• Iqhwiqhwi
• I-Covid-19 (i-COVID-19)
• IHepatitis A
• I-Hepatitis B
• I-Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
• I-Mass, i-mumps kunye ne-rubella (MMR)
• Ipoliyo
• I-Rotavirus
• Isifo seRabies
• IiShingles (iHerpes Zoster)

Ezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela wena nabanye kwiintsholongwane ziquka:

• Hlamba izandla zakho kakuhle rhoqo, ingakumbi xa kukho umkhuhlane kunye nobhubhane wesifo sofuba.
• Landela iindlela zokhuseleko lokutya. Izinto ezifana nokugcina ukutya ngokufanelekileyo, ukupheka inyama neentlanzi kakuhle, kunye nokuhlamba iziqhamo nemifuno kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba utye.
• Sebenzisa ikhondom okanye idama lamazinyo ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo.
• Zikhusele kwizinambuzane. Nxiba impahla yokuzikhusela, faka isibulali-zinambuzane, kwaye ulale phantsi kwenethi yeengcongconi ukuba kuyimfuneko.
• Musa ukusondela kwizilwanyana zasendle okanye ezinoburhalarhume. Musa ukushiya izilwanyana zakho zasekhaya, njengezinja okanye iikati, ngaphandle zodwa, kuba zinokulunywa sisilwanyana esinoburhalarhume.
• Ukuba uyagula, nciphisa ukunxibelelana kwakho nabanye abantu.
• Fumana uthintelo emva kokuvezwa. Ukuba uchaphazeleke kwiintsholongwane ezithile, olu nyango lunokunceda ekuthinteleni izifo ezisongela ubomi. Ukuba ucinga ukuba usenokuba uchaphazeleke yinto efana nerabies, i-HIV, i-hepatitis B, okanye i-chickenpox, bona ugqirha ngoko nangoko.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndifumana usulelo lwentsholongwane?

Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo losulelo lwentsholongwane onalo. Izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo kunye nosulelo oluncinci lolusu zinokulawulwa ekhaya. Kodwa ezinye izifo zentsholongwane zinokuba yingozi ebomini kwaye zihlale ixesha elide.

Ihlala ixesha elingakanani intsholongwane?

Le yindlela enye:

• Izifo zokuphefumla zingahlala iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini.
• Ithegi yesikhumba ingahlala unyaka okanye ngaphezulu.
• NjengeHepatitis B kunye neC, zinokuba zizifo ezingapheliyo ezihlala iminyaka emininzi.
• Usulelo lwe-HIV alunakunyangeka, luhlala ubomi bonke.

Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ngenxa yosulelo lwentsholongwane?

Ukosuleleka ziintsholongwane kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu emva nje kokugula okanye emva kweminyaka.

• I-Pneumonia: Izifo zokuphefumla zinokubangela ukuba imiphunga yosuleleke kwaye idumbe. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima ukuphefumla. I-Pneumonia eqatha ingafuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele ukuze kufumaneke unyango.
• I-Encephalitis okanye i-meningitis: Ukuba intsholongwane isiya engqondweni isuka kwenye indawo emzimbeni, ingqondo ingadumba. Oku kusongela ubomi.
• Ukopha kakhulu: Izifo ezibangela ukopha ezifana ne-dengue enzima zinokubangela ukopha okusongela ubomi.
• Ukuvuselelwa: Ezinye iintsholongwane zingahlala emzimbeni wakho ixesha elide, nokuba awunazo iimpawu, okanye awuzange ube nazo iimpawu. Intsholongwane ehlala emzimbeni wakho ingabangela naziphi na iimpawu okanye ukuzala ibizwa ngokuba "yi-dormant." Ezinye iintsholongwane, ezifana ne-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), i-HPV, i-herpes simplex, kunye ne-chickenpox virus (Varicella), zinokuphinda zivele emzimbeni wakho kwaye zibangele iimpawu emva kweminyaka.
• Umhlaza: Ezinye iintsholongwane zingabangela umhlaza ukuba zihlala emzimbeni ixesha elide (ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-'oncoviruses'). Umzekelo, iintsholongwane ezifana ne-'HPV' (i-human papillomavirus), i-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), i-'HIV', i-hepatitis B kunye ne-C, i-human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), kunye ne-human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) zifunyenwe zidibene neentlobo ezithile zomhlaza.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Bona ugqirha kwiimeko ezifana nezi:

• Ukuba uneempawu zosulelo lwentsholongwane, kwaye azibi ngcono emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, okanye zide zibe mandundu, kulungile.
• Ukuba uneempawu zomkhuhlane okanye i-COVID-19, kwaye usengozini yokugula kakhulu, ugqirha unokukwazi ukukunika amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane.
• Ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yinto efana ne-HIV, iRabies, iHepatitis B, okanye iChickenpox, kufuneka ufumane i-prophylaxis emva kokuchaphazeleka ngokukhawuleza.

Ndingaya nini kwiYunithi yoNyango oluNgxamisekileyo (i-ETU) ?

Ukuba uneempawu zosulelo oluqatha, yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka elikufutshane okanye ufumane uncedo lwezonyango ngokukhawuleza. Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu (ongaphezulu kwe-103 Fahrenheit / 39.4 Celsius).
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• Iintlungu zesifuba.
• Ukukhohlela igazi.
• Intlungu ebuhlungu yesisu.
• Ukudideka okanye olunye utshintsho lwengqondo.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

• Ndingakuthintela njani ukuba esi sifo singasasazeki kwabanye?
• Ndingayisebenzisa njani le yeza?
• Kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ndiphile?
• Ndingenza ntoni ukulawula iimpawu zam ekhaya?
• Ndingabuya nini ndize kukubona kwakhona?

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Usulelo lweentsholongwane luqhelekile kakhulu kwaye alunabungozi. Sonke sijongana nomkhuhlane, ukudumba kwesisu, kunye neengxaki ezincinci zolusu rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintsholongwane zinokubangela izifo ezisongela ubomi, kwaye nezifo eziqhelekileyo ezifana nomkhuhlane zinokuba yingozi. Yiyo loo nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthatha amanyathelo okuzikhusela wena kunye nabo bakungqongileyo kwiintsholongwane. Izinto ezinje ngokugonywa, ukuziqhelanisa nemikhwa emihle yokuhlamba izandla, kunye nokwenza isondo esikhuselekileyo kunokukunceda uhlale usempilweni.

Ngoko ke, ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luza kukunceda. Nokuba unesifo esinjani na, kungcono ungoyiki kwaye ufune iingcebiso zonyango ezifunekayo. Hlala usempilweni!

` Usulelo lweNtsholongwane, iNtsholongwane, iimpawu, unyango, uthintelo, iingcebiso zempilo