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Ingabe nawe uneqhubu embotsheni yakho? Ake sixoxe ngale 'Inguinal Hernia'

Ingabe nawe uneqhubu embotsheni yakho? Ake sixoxe ngale 'Inguinal Hernia'

Ingabe uzwa ubuhlungu endaweni yakho yamathumbu uma ukhwehlela, uphakamisa into esindayo, noma ngisho nalapho ucindezela kancane endlini yangasese? Noma uke wabona iqhubu elincane elivela kuleyo ndawo? Kungenzeka ukuthi uke walibona leli qhubu uma usukuma noma uma ulala phansi. Lokhu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi 'i-Inguinal Hernia' kwezokwelapha. Ungesabi uma uzwa leli gama, lesi yisimo esivame kakhulu. Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngakho konke ngendlela elula ongayiqonda.

Kalula nje, iyini le hernia?

Cabanga ngezitho ezingaphakathi kwesisu sethu (njengamathumbu ethu) njengezivikelwe ungqimba oluqinile lwemisipha. Kufana nesikhwama esinezinto ngaphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi lo ngqimba lwemisipha luba buthakathaka. Bese kuthi ingxenye yezicubu ngaphakathi kwesisu, ngokuvamile ingxenye yamathumbu, idlule kuleyo ndawo ebuthakathaka. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-hernia.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'i-inguinal hernia' ngoba kwenzeka embotsheni, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwenkinobho yesisu, lapho umlenze uqala khona. Lokhu kungaba kubi kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuwona umqondo omuhle ukungazinaki izimpawu. Ngokuvamile, udokotela angabona kalula ukuthi unalo yini leli gciwane ngokukuhlola.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-hernia?

Uma une-hernia ye-inguinal, ungase uzizwe izinto ezinjengalezi. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini lezi zimpawu.

Isibonakaliso Indlela ozizwa ngayo
Iqhubu noma ukuvuvukala embotsheni Iqhubu elincane elifana nebhola eliphuma endaweni yesinqe uma umi, ukhwehlela, noma uphakamisa into esindayo. Lokhu kuvame ukubuyela emuva uma ulala phansi.
Ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki Ungase uzizwe usinda, ucindezelekile, umuzwa wokudonsa, noma ubuhlungu endaweni yesisu. Lobuhlungu bungakhula, ikakhulukazi lapho ugoba noma uphakamisa izinto ezisindayo.
Umuzwa wokushisaUngase uzwe umuzwa wokushisa noma wokuqaqamba lapho kukhona khona ifindo.
Ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa Kungase kube nokuvuvukala noma ubuhlungu obuzungeze amasende. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba i-hernia isisabalale yaya esikhwameni, isikhwama esiqukethe amasende.

Izimbangela ze-hernia futhi ubani osengozini enkulu?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-hernia. Eyokuqala i-hernia yokuzalwa (i-Indirect Hernia) . Lokhu kungenzeka uma umgodi wemvelo e-groin ungavali kahle lapho umntwana ekhula esibelethweni sikanina. Olunye uhlobo i-hernia eyenzeka kamuva (i-Direct Hernia) . Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yobuthakathaka bemisipha njengoba sikhula nezinto ezandisa ingcindezi esiswini.

Manje ake sibone ukuthi ubani osengozini enkulu yokuba ne-hernia futhi ngaziphi izizathu.

  • Ukuba yindoda: Amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kasishiyagalombili okuthola ama-hernia kunabesifazane. Lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo semizimba yamadoda.
  • Ukuguga : Njengoba sikhula, imisipha yomzimba wethu iba buthaka ngokwemvelo.
  • Umlando womndeni : Uma othile emndenini wakho (umama, ubaba, umfowabo noma udadewabo) eke waba ne-hernia, nawe usengozini encane yokuba nayo.
  • Ukukhwehlela okungapheli: Ukukhwehlela okungapheli okubangelwa yisimo esifana ne -asthma noma ukubhema kwandisa ingcindezi yangaphakathi kwesisu.
  • Ukuqunjelwa : Uma kufanele uzikhandle njalo endlini yangasese, kungandisa ingcindezi esiswini futhi kubangele i-hernia.
  • Ukuphakamisa izinsimbi : Abantu abaphakamisa izinto ezisindayo njalo noma abaphakamisa izinsimbi ngendlela engafanele basengozini enkulu.
  • Ukukhulelwa : Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-hernia ingenzeka ngenxa yokwelula kwemisipha yesisu kanye nokucindezela okukhulu esiswini.
  • Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile : Njengoba isisindo somzimba sikhula, kufakwa ingcindezi eyengeziwe emisipheni yesisu.

Ingabe izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zithola ama-hernia?

Yebo, ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.I-hernia ye-inguinal ingavela. Uma ingane yakho ikhala, ikhwehlela, noma ithimula futhi ubona ukuvuvukala okuncane endaweni ye-groin, khathazeka. Uma ingane yakho inenkinga yokuncelisa noma ikhala njalo, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngalokhu.

Kodwa-ke, uma ingane yakho inalezi zimpawu kanye neqhubu embotsheni yayo , kufanele uye eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha :

* Uma kukhona ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi kubuhlungu ukuthinta

* Uma indawo lapho iqhubu likhona seliphenduke laba bomvu noma luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

* Uma unomkhuhlane

* Uma uhlanza

* Uma ungafuni ukudla

* Uma kukhona ukopha epenis

Ukuthola kanjani lokhu, Dokotela?

Uma uya kudokotela, uzoqala ngokukubuza ngezimpawu zakho. Ngemuva kwalokho uzohlola indawo yakho yangaphakathi. Angase akucele ukuthi ume ukhwehlele. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma kukhona i-hernia, izophuma ngokucacile futhi ibonakale.

Ngezinye izikhathi kungacelwa ukuthi kwenziwe i-ultrasound scan ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Kuwukuhlolwa okulula kakhulu, okungenabuhlungu. Akuvamile ukuthi kudingeke i-CT scan noma i-MRI scan .

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha i-hernia?

Into ebalulekile ukuthi i-hernia ayipholi yodwa . Ivame ukuba nkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma i-hernia incane futhi ungenazo izinkinga, udokotela wakho angase akuncome ukuthi ulinde isikhashana ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa. Kodwa-ke, uma i-hernia inkulu futhi ibangela ubuhlungu, ukuhlinzwa kuyadingeka nakanjani.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlinzwa:

1. Ukulungiswa Kwe-Hernia Evulekile: Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza ukusika okuncane endaweni ye-hernia, ukubuyisela izicubu ezisusiwe esiswini, nokuqinisa ungqimba lwemisipha olubuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile, into efana ne-mesh isetshenziswa ukuqinisa lokhu.

2. Ukulungiswa Kwe-Hernia Nge-Laparoscopic: Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi 'ukulungiswa kwe-hernia okungavamile '. Esikhundleni sokwenza i-incision enkulu, kwenziwa izimbobo ezincane ezimbalwa esiswini. Ikhamera (i-laparoscope) ifakwa ngembobo eyodwa bese ibukwa kwi-monitor, bese kufakwa amathuluzi amancane kakhulu ngezinye izimbobo ukulungisa i-hernia. Le ndlela ayibuhlungu kakhulu, iphola ngokushesha, futhi ishiya izibazi ezimbalwa.

Ungayiphatha kanjani ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa?

Uma i-hernia yakho incane futhi kusenesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ungenza lezi zinto ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki:

  • Vimbela ukuqunjelwa: Phuza amanzi amaningi. Faka ukudla okune-fiber eningi, njengezithelo, imifino, ubhontshisi, kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphelele ekudleni kwakho.
  • Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ukwehlisa isisindo kunciphisa ingcindezi emisipheni.
  • Gwema ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ezisindayo:Gwema ukuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma uphakamisa, goba amadolo akho bese uphakamisa kahle.

Kwenzekani uma i-hernia ingelashwa?

Lena yinto ebaluleke kakhulu sonke okudingeka siyazi. Uma i-hernia inganakwa, ingaholela ezinkingeni eziyingozi.

1. I-Hernia Eboshiwe: Amathumbu aphumayo abhajwa phakathi kwemisipha futhi awakwazi ukusunduzelwa ngaphakathi. Lokhu kungabangela ubuhlungu, isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

2. I-Hernia Eklinyiwe: Lesi yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha . Uma igazi eliya engxenyeni yamathumbu eklinyiwe linqamuka, leyo ngxenye iqala ukufa. Lokhu kungaba yingozi empilweni.

Uma lezi zimpawu zikhona, kungase kusho ukuthi i-hernia iklinyiwe noma ukopha sekuphelile. Yiya eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha!

* Uma i-hernia inkulu kunokujwayelekile.

* Uma isimila singenakuphonswa ngaphakathi.

* Uma unezinhlungu ezisheshayo, ezinzima, ezingabekezeleleki embotsheni yakho.

* Uma indawo lapho kukhona khona isimila ibomvu, insomi, noma ibuhlungu kakhulu ukuthi ungayithinta.

* Uma unezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, noma ukuvuvukala kwesisu.

Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya

  • I-hernia ye-inguinal iyisimo esivame kakhulu lapho izicubu, njengamathumbu, ziphuma khona endaweni ebuthakathaka emisipheni yesisu.
  • Uma unezimpawu ezifana neqhubu embotsheni yakho noma ubuhlungu lapho uphakamisa izinsimbi, ungakuzibi bese ubona udokotela wakho.
  • Ama-Hernia awapholi ngokwawo. Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko ukuhlinzwa.
  • Ukugwema ukuqunjelwa, ukugcina isisindo esinempilo, kanye nokuqaphela lapho uphakamisa izinsimbi kunganciphisa ingozi yokuba ne-hernia.
  • Izimpawu ze-hernia ezifana nobuhlungu obukhulu, umkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, ukubomvu kweqhubu, noma ukungakwazi ukulibuyisela emuva kuyisimo esiphuthumayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, iya eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha.

I-hernia ye-Inguinal, i-hernia, isimila se-groin, ubuhlungu besisu, i-hernia, i-hernia ye-inguinal, ubuhlungu be-groin, ukuhlinzwa kwe-hernia

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Ungayiphatha kanjani ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa?

Uma i-hernia yakho incane futhi kusenesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ungenza lezi zinto ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki:

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Ingabe nawe uneqhubu embotsheni yakho? Ake sixoxe ngale 'Inguinal Hernia'
UkuhlinzwaJulayi 16, 2026

Ingabe nawe uneqhubu embotsheni yakho? Ake sixoxe ngale 'Inguinal Hernia'

Ingabe uzwa ubuhlungu endaweni yakho yamathumbu uma ukhwehlela, uphakamisa into esindayo, noma ngisho nalapho ucindezela kancane endlini yangasese? Noma uke wabona iqhubu elincane elivela kuleyo ndawo? Kungenzeka ukuthi uke walibona leli qhubu uma usukuma noma uma ulala phansi. Lokhu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi 'i-Inguinal Hernia' kwezokwelapha. Ungesabi uma uzwa leli gama, lesi yisimo esivame kakhulu. Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngakho konke ngendlela elula ongayiqonda.

Kalula nje, iyini le hernia?

Cabanga ngezitho ezingaphakathi kwesisu sethu (njengamathumbu ethu) njengezivikelwe ungqimba oluqinile lwemisipha. Kufana nesikhwama esinezinto ngaphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi lo ngqimba lwemisipha luba buthakathaka. Bese kuthi ingxenye yezicubu ngaphakathi kwesisu, ngokuvamile ingxenye yamathumbu, idlule kuleyo ndawo ebuthakathaka. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-hernia.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'i-inguinal hernia' ngoba kwenzeka embotsheni, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwenkinobho yesisu, lapho umlenze uqala khona. Lokhu kungaba kubi kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuwona umqondo omuhle ukungazinaki izimpawu. Ngokuvamile, udokotela angabona kalula ukuthi unalo yini leli gciwane ngokukuhlola.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-hernia?

Uma une-hernia ye-inguinal, ungase uzizwe izinto ezinjengalezi. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini lezi zimpawu.

Isibonakaliso Indlela ozizwa ngayo
Iqhubu noma ukuvuvukala embotsheni Iqhubu elincane elifana nebhola eliphuma endaweni yesinqe uma umi, ukhwehlela, noma uphakamisa into esindayo. Lokhu kuvame ukubuyela emuva uma ulala phansi.
Ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki Ungase uzizwe usinda, ucindezelekile, umuzwa wokudonsa, noma ubuhlungu endaweni yesisu. Lobuhlungu bungakhula, ikakhulukazi lapho ugoba noma uphakamisa izinto ezisindayo.
Umuzwa wokushisaUngase uzwe umuzwa wokushisa noma wokuqaqamba lapho kukhona khona ifindo.
Ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa Kungase kube nokuvuvukala noma ubuhlungu obuzungeze amasende. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba i-hernia isisabalale yaya esikhwameni, isikhwama esiqukethe amasende.

Izimbangela ze-hernia futhi ubani osengozini enkulu?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-hernia. Eyokuqala i-hernia yokuzalwa (i-Indirect Hernia) . Lokhu kungenzeka uma umgodi wemvelo e-groin ungavali kahle lapho umntwana ekhula esibelethweni sikanina. Olunye uhlobo i-hernia eyenzeka kamuva (i-Direct Hernia) . Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yobuthakathaka bemisipha njengoba sikhula nezinto ezandisa ingcindezi esiswini.

Manje ake sibone ukuthi ubani osengozini enkulu yokuba ne-hernia futhi ngaziphi izizathu.

  • Ukuba yindoda: Amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kasishiyagalombili okuthola ama-hernia kunabesifazane. Lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo semizimba yamadoda.
  • Ukuguga : Njengoba sikhula, imisipha yomzimba wethu iba buthaka ngokwemvelo.
  • Umlando womndeni : Uma othile emndenini wakho (umama, ubaba, umfowabo noma udadewabo) eke waba ne-hernia, nawe usengozini encane yokuba nayo.
  • Ukukhwehlela okungapheli: Ukukhwehlela okungapheli okubangelwa yisimo esifana ne -asthma noma ukubhema kwandisa ingcindezi yangaphakathi kwesisu.
  • Ukuqunjelwa : Uma kufanele uzikhandle njalo endlini yangasese, kungandisa ingcindezi esiswini futhi kubangele i-hernia.
  • Ukuphakamisa izinsimbi : Abantu abaphakamisa izinto ezisindayo njalo noma abaphakamisa izinsimbi ngendlela engafanele basengozini enkulu.
  • Ukukhulelwa : Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-hernia ingenzeka ngenxa yokwelula kwemisipha yesisu kanye nokucindezela okukhulu esiswini.
  • Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile : Njengoba isisindo somzimba sikhula, kufakwa ingcindezi eyengeziwe emisipheni yesisu.

Ingabe izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zithola ama-hernia?

Yebo, ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.I-hernia ye-inguinal ingavela. Uma ingane yakho ikhala, ikhwehlela, noma ithimula futhi ubona ukuvuvukala okuncane endaweni ye-groin, khathazeka. Uma ingane yakho inenkinga yokuncelisa noma ikhala njalo, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngalokhu.

Kodwa-ke, uma ingane yakho inalezi zimpawu kanye neqhubu embotsheni yayo , kufanele uye eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha :

* Uma kukhona ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi kubuhlungu ukuthinta

* Uma indawo lapho iqhubu likhona seliphenduke laba bomvu noma luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

* Uma unomkhuhlane

* Uma uhlanza

* Uma ungafuni ukudla

* Uma kukhona ukopha epenis

Ukuthola kanjani lokhu, Dokotela?

Uma uya kudokotela, uzoqala ngokukubuza ngezimpawu zakho. Ngemuva kwalokho uzohlola indawo yakho yangaphakathi. Angase akucele ukuthi ume ukhwehlele. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma kukhona i-hernia, izophuma ngokucacile futhi ibonakale.

Ngezinye izikhathi kungacelwa ukuthi kwenziwe i-ultrasound scan ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Kuwukuhlolwa okulula kakhulu, okungenabuhlungu. Akuvamile ukuthi kudingeke i-CT scan noma i-MRI scan .

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha i-hernia?

Into ebalulekile ukuthi i-hernia ayipholi yodwa . Ivame ukuba nkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma i-hernia incane futhi ungenazo izinkinga, udokotela wakho angase akuncome ukuthi ulinde isikhashana ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa. Kodwa-ke, uma i-hernia inkulu futhi ibangela ubuhlungu, ukuhlinzwa kuyadingeka nakanjani.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlinzwa:

1. Ukulungiswa Kwe-Hernia Evulekile: Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza ukusika okuncane endaweni ye-hernia, ukubuyisela izicubu ezisusiwe esiswini, nokuqinisa ungqimba lwemisipha olubuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile, into efana ne-mesh isetshenziswa ukuqinisa lokhu.

2. Ukulungiswa Kwe-Hernia Nge-Laparoscopic: Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi 'ukulungiswa kwe-hernia okungavamile '. Esikhundleni sokwenza i-incision enkulu, kwenziwa izimbobo ezincane ezimbalwa esiswini. Ikhamera (i-laparoscope) ifakwa ngembobo eyodwa bese ibukwa kwi-monitor, bese kufakwa amathuluzi amancane kakhulu ngezinye izimbobo ukulungisa i-hernia. Le ndlela ayibuhlungu kakhulu, iphola ngokushesha, futhi ishiya izibazi ezimbalwa.

Ungayiphatha kanjani ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa?

Uma i-hernia yakho incane futhi kusenesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ungenza lezi zinto ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki:

  • Vimbela ukuqunjelwa: Phuza amanzi amaningi. Faka ukudla okune-fiber eningi, njengezithelo, imifino, ubhontshisi, kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphelele ekudleni kwakho.
  • Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ukwehlisa isisindo kunciphisa ingcindezi emisipheni.
  • Gwema ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ezisindayo:Gwema ukuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma uphakamisa, goba amadolo akho bese uphakamisa kahle.

Kwenzekani uma i-hernia ingelashwa?

Lena yinto ebaluleke kakhulu sonke okudingeka siyazi. Uma i-hernia inganakwa, ingaholela ezinkingeni eziyingozi.

1. I-Hernia Eboshiwe: Amathumbu aphumayo abhajwa phakathi kwemisipha futhi awakwazi ukusunduzelwa ngaphakathi. Lokhu kungabangela ubuhlungu, isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

2. I-Hernia Eklinyiwe: Lesi yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha . Uma igazi eliya engxenyeni yamathumbu eklinyiwe linqamuka, leyo ngxenye iqala ukufa. Lokhu kungaba yingozi empilweni.

Uma lezi zimpawu zikhona, kungase kusho ukuthi i-hernia iklinyiwe noma ukopha sekuphelile. Yiya eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha!

* Uma i-hernia inkulu kunokujwayelekile.

* Uma isimila singenakuphonswa ngaphakathi.

* Uma unezinhlungu ezisheshayo, ezinzima, ezingabekezeleleki embotsheni yakho.

* Uma indawo lapho kukhona khona isimila ibomvu, insomi, noma ibuhlungu kakhulu ukuthi ungayithinta.

* Uma unezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, noma ukuvuvukala kwesisu.

Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya

  • I-hernia ye-inguinal iyisimo esivame kakhulu lapho izicubu, njengamathumbu, ziphuma khona endaweni ebuthakathaka emisipheni yesisu.
  • Uma unezimpawu ezifana neqhubu embotsheni yakho noma ubuhlungu lapho uphakamisa izinsimbi, ungakuzibi bese ubona udokotela wakho.
  • Ama-Hernia awapholi ngokwawo. Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko ukuhlinzwa.
  • Ukugwema ukuqunjelwa, ukugcina isisindo esinempilo, kanye nokuqaphela lapho uphakamisa izinsimbi kunganciphisa ingozi yokuba ne-hernia.
  • Izimpawu ze-hernia ezifana nobuhlungu obukhulu, umkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, ukubomvu kweqhubu, noma ukungakwazi ukulibuyisela emuva kuyisimo esiphuthumayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, iya eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo wesibhedlela (ETU) ngokushesha.

I-hernia ye-Inguinal, i-hernia, isimila se-groin, ubuhlungu besisu, i-hernia, i-hernia ye-inguinal, ubuhlungu be-groin, ukuhlinzwa kwe-hernia

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Ungayiphatha kanjani ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa?

Uma i-hernia yakho incane futhi kusenesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ungenza lezi zinto ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki:

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Awekho amazwana athunyelwe okwamanje. Faka amazwana akho lapha okokuqala ngqa.

Engeza amazwana akho

Sicela ubale: 8 + 2 =