Sonke sizwile nge-"IQ," akunjalo? Uma sikhuluma ngobuhlakani bomuntu, sizwile abantu bethi, "IQ yakhe iphakeme kakhulu." Ngezinye izikhathi, abanye abantu baze bazame ukuthola impendulo ngokuthatha imibuzo emincane eku-inthanethi bese bebuza, "Iyini i-IQ yami?" Kodwa iyini ngempela le IQ test? Ingabe ingalinganisa ubuhlakani bethu? Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngokujulile, futhi kalula, ngendaba engemuva kwayo kanye nezingxoxo ezizungezile.
Iyini le IQ?
Kalula nje, i-IQ isifinyezo samagama esiNgisi athi 'Intelligence Quotient'. Ilinganisa ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi kangakanani ukucabanga, ukusebenzisa ulwazi, nokusebenzisa ukucabanga uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abantu abaneminyaka yabo.
Yasungulwa okokuqala ngo-1904 yisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo okuthiwa u-Alfred Binet. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlakanipha, nakuba kunengqondo evamile, akuyona into eyodwa, kodwa kuyinhlanganisela yamakhono amaningi ahlukene futhi kulolongwa kakhulu yindawo esikuyo. Waqala ukuthuthukisa lolu vivinyo ukuze alinganise ukuhlakanipha kwezingane zesikole eFrance nokusiza othisha ukuthi bashintshe izindlela zabo zokufundisa ukuze basize labo bantwana. Bheka ukuthi lokho kuhle kangakanani!
Uhlangothi olumnyama lokuhlolwa kwe-IQ
Kodwa lapho umqondo wokuhlolwa kwe -IQ ufika eMelika, indaba yashintsha ngokuphelele. Abanye abacwaningi, njengoBinay, babecabanga ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuyinto esiyifundile futhi esiyithole endaweni esikuyo. Kodwa abanye bathi, "Cha, ukuhlakanipha kuyinto evela ezizakhini zethu zofuzo, okungukuthi, kuyikhono lofuzo."
Labo ababekholelwa kulokhu yibo ababethatha lezi zivivinyo ze-IQ futhi bazisebenzisela ukusekela umbono oyingozi kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi owawubizwa ngokuthi 'i-eugenics' . Okusho ukuthi, ukugcina labo kuphela "abanezakhi zofuzo ezinhle" emphakathini nokuqeda labo ababecabanga ukuthi "banezakhi zofuzo ezimbi". Ngenxa yalo mbono, izinkulungwane zabantu ezibhedlela zengqondo, ezikhungweni zokuboshwa, nasemajele bahlinzwa ngokuhlinzwa kokubulala inzalo ngenkani. Lokho kuyindawo emnyama ngempela emlandweni walezi zivivinyo. Lezi zinto zenziwa ngezinjongo zobuhlanga, kanye nezinye izizathu zomphakathi.
Lo mlando omubi usikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nethuluzi lesayensi lingabhubhisa kangakanani uma liwela ezandleni ezingafanele.
Ingabe amaphuzu e-IQ ayanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? (Umphumela we-Flynn)
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba ucwaningo nge-IQ luqhubeka, isayensi yaqala ukuvumelana futhi nomqondo wokuqala kaBinet: okungukuthi,Ukuhlakanipha akuyona into evela kuzakhi zofuzo zodwa, kuyinto esiyifundayo futhi enezici eziningi.
Ngo-1984, umcwaningi ogama lakhe linguJames Flynn wathola into emangalisayo. Okusho ukuthi, isilinganiso se-IQ sabantu emhlabeni wonke besilokhu sikhula kancane kancane eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'umphumela kaFlynn'. Uthe kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu:
- Ukuthola imfundo engcono: Ukuthola izindlela namathuba okufunda angcono kunangaphambili.
- Ukufinyelela kalula olwazini: Ngenxa yezinto ezifana ne-inthanethi , noma yiluphi ulwazi lungatholakala ngokushesha.
- Zibandakanye emisebenzini evusa imicabango njalo: Ubuchopho bethu buhlala bubhekene nenselele yokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini wanamuhla.
- Impilo engcono kanye nokudla okunempilo: Ukudla okunempilo kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuhle kuthinta ngqo ukukhula kobuchopho.
Lokhu kusisiza siqonde ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kwethu akuyona into ehlala imile, kodwa kuyinto ethuthuka ngendlela yethu yokuphila , imfundo, kanye nokudla okunempilo.
Ingabe ukuhlakanipha kuyinto eyodwa nje?
Cha. Namuhla, izazi zengqondo zikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuyinto enezici eziningi ezahlukene.
Cabanga nje, abanye abantu banekhono elimangalisayo lokwenza izibalo. Omunye umuntu unekhono elimangalisayo lokudlala insimbi yomculo. Omunye umuntu unekhono elimangalisayo kwezemidlalo. Omunye umuntu unekhono elimangalisayo lokuqonda izingqondo zabanye nokubhekana nazo. Zonke lezi zici ezahlukene zobuhlakani.
- Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uHoward Gardner uthe ngaphezu kwamakhono olimi nawezibalo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlakani ezingaba ngu-8, njengomculo, ngokomzimba, kanye nokuxhumana nabantu.
- Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uRobert Sternberg siphakamise ukuthi ubuhlakani bungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukuhlaziya, ukudala, kanye nokusebenza. Ngokusho kwakhe, lobu buhlakani obusebenzayo, noma "ulwazi lomhlaba" noma "ukuqonda okuvamile," abunakulinganiswa ngokunembile ngesivivinyo se-IQ esijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, lobu buhlakani obusebenzayo bubaluleke kakhulu kunesilinganiso se-IQ sendabuko ekulinganiseni impumelelo yomuntu emsebenzini.
Izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kwe-IQ nokuthi ungakwenza kanjani
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zokuhlolwa kwe-IQ. Ukuhlolwa okwenzayo kungahluka kuye ngobudala bakho, isiko, kanye nenhloso yokuhlolwa. Ezinye zenzelwe izingane ngqo, kanti ezinye zenzelwe abantu abadala. Ezinye izindawo zokusebenza zize zenze nokuhlolwa okunjalo ukuze ziqonde ukuthi abasebenzi bacabanga kanjani.
Empeleni, lezi zivivinyo zilinganisa izici ezimbili zobuhlakani. Ake siqonde lokhu ngethebula.
| Uhlobo lobuhlakani | Kalula nje... |
|---|---|
| Ubuhlakani Obucwebezelayo | Lolu ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nesilulumagama osifundile empilweni yakho yonke. Isibonelo, ukuphendula imibuzo yolwazi olujwayelekile. |
| Ubuhlakani Boketshezi | Lokhu kusho ikhono lokucabanga ngokunengqondo, ukuqaphela amaphethini, nokuthola ikhambi lenkinga entsha uma lilethwa. Ulwazi lwangaphambilini alubalulekile kulokhu. |
Uma ufuna ukwenza isivivinyo se-IQ, ungakwenza ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esiqeqeshiwe. Izivivinyo eziningi eziku-inthanethi zenzelwe ukuzijabulisa nje futhi azinikezi imiphumela enembile ngokwesayensi. Lala kahle ebusuku bese udla isidlo sasekuseni esihle ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, akukho okuningi ongakulungiselela.
Zinembe kangakanani ngempela lezi zivivinyo ze-IQ?
Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu kusukela kwasungulwa isivivinyo sokuqala se-IQ, kodwa kusenempikiswano enkulu mayelana nokunemba kwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ekuqaleni yasungulwa njengensiza yokufundisa yezingane, kodwa kamuva yasetshenziswa ukuhlonza abantu.
Ngisho noFlynn waphetha ngokuthi: “Ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ akulinganisi ubuhlakani ngokwako, kodwa into ehlobene kancane nobuhlakani.” Cabanga nje, uma ubuhlakani buyinhlanganisela yezinto eziningi, njengomculo, ezemidlalo, ubuciko, nokuqonda abanye, ukuhlolwa okukodwa kungalinganisa kanjani konke lokho kuhlakanipha?
Kodwa i-American Psychological Association ithi ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ akufanele kuqedwe ngokuphelele. Kunalokho, kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale izindlela zokukusebenzisa ukuze kwandiswe amathuba okufunda abantu, kunokuba kube yisithiyo.
Isibonelo, uma ingane inokukhubazeka kokufunda, ukuhlolwa okufana nalokhu kungenziwa udokotela noma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo ukuthola imbangela.Ingasetshenziswa nesiqondiso. Umgomo akukhona ukubiza ingane ngamagama, kodwa ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka bayo nokuyisiza.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-IQ akuyona inombolo egxivizwe ebunzini lakho engasoze yashintshwa. Ingashintsha ngemfundo yakho, ukudla okunempilo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho empilweni.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ kulinganisa kuphela ezinye izici zobuhlakani bakho. Akulinganisi izinto eziningi ezibalulekile, njengokudala kwakho, ukuqonda okuvamile, ikhono lobuciko, kanye nozwela.
- Ungacabangi kakhulu ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-IQ okuku-inthanethi. Kungenzeka ukuthi kungenhloso yokuzijabulisa futhi ayinasisekelo sesayensi.
- Ungalokothi ulinganise ukubaluleka kwakho noma kwengane yakho ngesilinganiso esisodwa. Wonke umuntu uneziphiwo namakhono akhe ahlukile.
- Uma ukhathazekile nganoma yiziphi izinkinga ngokufunda noma ukukhula kwengane yakho, khuluma nodokotela wakho noma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esiqeqeshiwe ngakho. Bazokwazi ukukunikeza isiqondiso esifanele.
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