Sɛ worehwɛ akokoaa kwan a, ɛyɛ awosu sɛ wobɛdwen wo ba kumaa no ahobammɔ ho kɛse. Nokwarem no, nneɛma bi a atwa wo ho ahyia bere a wonyinsɛn no betumi de asiane aba wo ba a ɔrenyin no so. Ɛnnɛ, yɛpɛ sɛ yɛka saa nneɛma yi ho asɛm —a wɔfrɛ no aduruyɛ mu sɛ ‘teratogens’.
Dɛn ne Teratogens?
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, teratogens yɛ nneɛma a sɛ wowe anaa wotwe wo bere a wonyinsɛn a, ebetumi de awo mu ɔhaw ahorow (awo mu dɛmdi) aba wo nkwaboaa anaa awotwaa a ɛrenyin no mu. Eyinom betumi ayɛ nnuru, nnuru , ɔyare mmoawa bi, anaa nneɛma a awuduru wom . Sɛ obi de ne ho hyɛ teratogens mu a, ebetumi ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obetu nyinsɛn , awo a enni bere aso, anaa awo a wawu mpo ayɛ kɛse.
Dɛn na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea teratogen bi mu yɛ den?
Asiane dodow a teratogen de ba no gyina nneɛma atitiriw pii so:
- Ade, aduru, anaa awuduru ko. Ɛnyɛ aduru biara na ɛka nyinsɛn bi wɔ ɔkwan koro so.
- Bere tenten a wɔde da no adi. So na ɛyɛ bere tiaa bi a wohyiae, anaasɛ so a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no dii nna anaa asram pii?
- Sɛnea wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu (dose). So na dodow no sua anaasɛ ɛsõ?
- Mfe a nyinsɛn no adi bere a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no. Eyi ho hia efisɛ akwaa ahorow nyin wɔ wo ba no nyin fã pɔtee bi mu.
- Awosu mu nneɛma. Ebia w’awosu mu nneɛma soronko no bɛma wo ba no ayɛ mmerɛw kɛse anaa kakraa bi wɔ asiane ahorow bi mu.
Enti, teratogens a wobɛkwati wɔ wo nyinsɛn no nyinaa mu no ne ɔkwan a eye sen biara a wobɛfa so akɔ w’anim. Nanso, yɛsrɛ sɛ hyɛ no nsow sɛ sɛ obi de ne ho hyɛ mu wɔ awotwaa no nyin mfɛnsere pɔtee bi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu a, ebetumi ayɛ asiane titiriw.
Awo mu dɛmdi a teratogens de ba no abu so dɛn?
Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ bɛyɛ 4% kosi 5% wɔ awo mu nyarewa nyinaa mu ne teratogenic a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no wɔ abusuabɔ tẽẽ. Bio nso, wɔada no adi sɛ nneɛma a ɛte saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no nya abofra no adwene ne ne nipadua mu nkɔso nyinaa so nkɛntɛnso. Eyi yɛ asɛm a ɛfata sɛ wode w’adwene si so na wohwɛ yiye koraa.
Dɛn ne teratogens ho nhwɛso ahorow bi a wɔtaa yɛ?
Teratogens yɛ nneɛma a wonim sɛ ɛde ɔhaw ba, sɛ́ ebia ɛde awo mu dɛmdi, nyinsɛn a wɔhwere, anaa nyinsɛn mu nsɛnnennen afoforo ba no so . Momma yɛnhwehwɛ akuw a ɛda nsow sen biara no mu.
Nsã, Tawa, ne Nnubɔne a Wɔde Di Dwuma
Ebia eyinom ne teratogen ahorow a wonim no yiye sen biara.
- Nsã: Nsã ka wo ba no ntini a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no kɛse . Nsã a wɔnom bere a wɔyem no ma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obenya Fetal Alcohol Syndrome no yɛ kɛse, na ebetumi ama n’anim ayɛ nea ɛnteɛ, ne ti ayɛ ketewaa, na wanya suban ne nipadua mu nsɛnnennen a ɛtra hɔ daa.
Wonnim nsa dodow a ahobammɔ wom a wɔnom bere a wɔyem no.
- Sigaret: Sigaretnom yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma awotwaa no nyin ano hye, awo a enni bere a ɛsɛ, ne nyinsɛn a wotu gu. Ebetumi nso asɛe wo ba no ahurututu mu ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ne n’amemene a ɛrenyin no a wontumi nsakra.
- Nnubɔne a Wɔde Yɛ Ahomegye:Nnubɔne te sɛ cocaine, methamphetamines, heroin, ne wii betumi ama awo mu duru a ɛba fam, koma atɔ no, ne Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome—tebea a akokoaa no nya yare a ɛma ogyae akokoaa no wɔ n’awo akyi bere tiaa bi. Bio nso, nnade a wɔkyɛ a wɔde di dwuma no de asiane kɛse ba sɛ wobenya nyarewa a wonya fi mogya mu.
Nnuru a wɔde di dwuma
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a nnuru a wɔtɔn wɔ aduruyɛdan mu ne nea wɔkyerɛw ma no nyinaa betumi ayɛ adwuma sɛ teratogens. Ɛho hia sɛ wobɛkɔ w’akwahosan ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn ansa na woanom nnuru anaa nnuru biara a wɔde ka wo ho. Kenkan nkyerɛwde a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm no yiye bere nyinaa. Sɛ wunnim sɛnea aduru bi yɛ no yiye da a, kɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn ntɛm ara; ɛyɛ nea asiane biara nni ho sɛ wobɛkwati sɛ wode bedi dwuma kosi sɛ wubenya adwumayɛfo tumi krataa.
Nnuru a ebetumi ama teratogenic ho nhwɛso ahorow bi ne:
- Nnuru a wɔde ko tia akisikuru (AED) .
- Nnuru a ekum mmoawa
- Nnuru a ekum mogya a ɛtwetwe mogya (nneɛma a ɛma mogya yɛ mmerɛw) .
- Nnuru a wɔde ko tia thyroid
- Vitamin A a ɛdɔɔso (a wohu wɔ honam ani aduru bi mu) .
- Nnuru a wɔde hormone yɛ
Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ wudi tebea bi te sɛ akisikuru ho dwuma a, ebia wubehia nnuru te sɛ phenytoin. Wo duruyɛfo bɛkari asiane ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so no yiye de ahwɛ ahu sɛ wo ne wo ba no bɛkɔ so ayɛ nea ahobammɔ wom sɛnea wobetumi bere a woredi w’akwahosan ahiade ahorow ho dwuma no.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔkyekyɛ nnuruyɛ mu asiane ahorow mu wɔ nyinsɛn mu?
Kan no na U.S. FDA de nhyehyɛe bi a egyina nkyerɛwde so (A, B, C, D, X) di dwuma de kyekyɛ asiane ahorow mu. Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, wɔde Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) sii eyi ananmu. Saa mmara yi de nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri, a ɛfa nsɛm a ɛfa ho ma de boa akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo ma wosisi gyinae a ɛfata ma ayarefo a wɔyem ne wɔn a wɔma wɔn nufu.
Anamɔn a ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ wubenya w’akwahosan ho ɔyaresafo no mu ahotoso sɛ obegyina w’aduruyɛ ho nsɛm soronko so asusuw aduru biara a ahobammɔ wom ho.
Nyarewa ne mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
Nyarewa, mmoawa, mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae, ne ɔyare mmoawa de asiane kɛse ba wo ne wo ba no nyinaa so. Asɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa ‘TORCH’ boa nnuruyɛfo ma wɔkyekyɛ nyarewa a ɛtaa ba a asiane kɛse wom mu:
- T – Toxoplasmosis (ɛtaa trɛw denam mpataa nsu a ɛne wɔn ho di nkitaho so) .
- O – Nyarewa afoforo (sɛ nhwɛso no, Kuw B Streptococcus, Listeria, Candida, ne STIs) .
- R – Rubella na ɔkyerɛwee
- C – Nkwammoaa mu ɔyare mmoawa (CMV) .
- H – Herpes Simplex mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
- Syphilis nso ka asiane kuw yi ho.
Nyarewa ne mmoawa afoforo a ebetumi de nsɛnnennen aba no bi ne:
- Akokɔsrade ne shingles
- Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, ne mmerɛbo mu yare afoforo a mmoawa de ba
- HIV
- Yare a ɛto so anum
Awuduru a Ɛwɔ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia, Nnuru, ne Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Abɔde Mu
Nnuru ne awuduru bi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu betumi ama awo mu dɛmdi aba wɔ nipadua no mu, a nsɛm te sɛ Spina Bifida, Cleft Palate, anaa ntini mu nsɛnnennen ka ho. Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa nneɛma a epira a ɛte saa ho ne:
- Mframa a wɔde ma (sɛ nhwɛso no, X-ray) anaa kokoram ayaresa (Chemotherapy) .
- Nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, sauna, anaa ɔhyew afoforo a ɛma wo nipadua mu hyew titiriw kɔ soro
- Mercury (a wohu wɔ mpataa ahorow bi mu) .
- Kɔbere (a ɛtaa wɔ afie dedaw mu paint ne paipu mu) .
- Nnuru anaa dade a emu yɛ duru a ɛyɛ hu a wohu wɔ adwumayɛbea anaa mmeae a wɔyɛ nneɛma
Aduruyɛ mu Tebea Ahorow a Enni Sabea
Nyarewa bi a enni sabea a ebia wowɔ no betumi ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wo ba no benya awo mu dɛmdi no ayɛ kɛse. Nhwɛso ahorow bi ne Asikreyare, thyroid yare, ne nyarewa a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa te sɛ Lupus anaa Rheumatoid Arthritis. Wɔ tebea horow yi mu no, asiane a ɛkɔ soro a ɛwɔ teratogens a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no taa fi nnuru a wɔde sa tebea horow yi anaasɛ tebea horow a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye no mu.
Ɛho hia sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo susuw aduruyɛ mu tebea biara a woadi kan anya ne nnuru a worenom ho. Ebia ɛho behia sɛ woyɛ nsakrae wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔde hwɛ wo tebea a enni sabea no so bere a wonyinsɛn no.
Bere bɛn na teratogens a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no yɛ nea asiane wom kɛse wɔ nyinsɛn mu?
Sɛ obi de ne ho hyɛ teratogens mu a, epira wɔ nyinsɛn no fã biara mu. Nanso, asiane no dɔɔso kɛse wɔ nyinsɛn no adapɛn awotwe a edi kan no mu. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ, wɔ saa mfɛnsere yi mu no, wo ba no akwaa ne ne nhyehyɛe pii nyin denneennen, na ɛma akokoaa no te nka kɛse wɔ teratogens nkɛntɛnso bɔne ho. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ teratogens betumi aka akokoaa wɔ nyinsɛn akyi adapɛn abien pɛ.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) ba ansa na nyinsɛn no dapɛn a ɛto so anum adu. Ntini mu ntini no ne amemene ne akyi berɛmo no fapem. NTD ahorow no ba sɛ ntini mu ntini no antoto yiye a, na ebetumi ama obi anya awo mu dɛmdi ahorow.
Awo mu dɛmdi bɛn na teratogens de ba?
Wonim sɛ teratogens de awo mu dɛmdi pii ba. Nsɛm a wɔtaa hu no bi ne:
- Amemene anaa akyi berɛmo mu haw ahorow, te sɛ Anencephaly (baabi a amemene anaa ti nhwi no afã horow nni hɔ) .
- Nipadua anaa nhyehyɛe a ɛnteɛ, te sɛ akwaa a ɛyera anaa nipadua akwaa a ɛnteɛ
- Anofafa ne anom a apaapae
- Adwene mu yare anaa ntini mu nsɛm a ɛfa nipadua no ho
- Koma ne ntini mu nsɛm anaa koma mu dɛmdi
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔbɛkwati teratogens bere a wɔyem?
Ɔkwan pa a wobɛfa so akwati teratogens ne sɛ wubedi kan ayɛ wo nyinsɛn no ho nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a. Nhyehyɛe ma wutumi di tebea horow a enni sabea so na woyɛ nsakrae a ɛho hia wɔ w’asetra mu, te sɛ sigaretnom a wubegyae.
Nanso, ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na eyi betumi aba. Sɛ wunyinsɛn wie a, nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ na ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya teratogen no so atew:
- Wo ne wo duruyɛfo nsusuw nnuru biara a worenom ho.
- Kwati sigaret, nsa, ne nnubɔne a wode gye w’ani no katee.
- Mfa nnuru a wɔde ka aduan ho, nnuru a wɔtɔn, anaa nhabannuru biara a wunni kan nkɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn.
- Kwati sɛ wobɛhohoro nwura nnaka mu na amma mmoawa bi ankɔ so.
- Kwati nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, sauna, ne biribiara a ɛma wo nipadua mu hyew kɔ soro.
- Kwati sɛ wubedi mpataa a mercury pii wom te sɛ tuna ne swordfish.
- Wo ne wo panyin anaa Nnipa Nnwuma dwumadibea nkasa mfa nnuru biara a ɛyɛ hu a ɛwɔ w’adwumam ho.
Ɛho hia sɛ wo ne wo awo ho ɔyaresafo bɛbɔ nkɔmmɔ pefee na wofi nokwaredi mu wɔ wo nyinsɛn no nyinaa mu. Nea ɛka eyi ho ne nokware a yɛbɛka wɔ nsa anaa nnubɔne a wɔde di dwuma biara ho. Wɔwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa ma wo nyinsɛn no ayɛ nea ahobammɔ wom na ɛyɛ papa. Mma ntwentwɛn wo nan ase da sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo ansa na woafi nnuru anaa aduannuru biara ase. Ahwɛyiye kɛse a wɔbɛyɛ bere a wɔyem no ne ɔkwan a eye sen biara bere nyinaa.
Nsusuwii a etwa to a ɛsɛ sɛ wode sie w’adwenem
Sɛ wobɔ wo ba ho ban fi teratogens ho bere a wanyinsɛn a, ɛboa ma wosiw awo mu dɛmdi ano. Ade a edi kan a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ne sɛ wobɛkɔ so ahu sɛnea nneɛma bi a epira betumi adu wo ba no nkyɛn na aka ne nyin wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Teratogens a wobɛkwati no boa ma wo nyinsɛn a ahoɔden wom na ɛma wo ba no nya asetra mfiase a eye sen biara.
Wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa pefee mfa nnuru a wonom, nsa biara a wonom, ne baabi a woyɛ adwuma anaa wo tenabea ho. Wobetumi abua wo nsemmisa a ɛfa nneɛma a ebetumi ama obi anya awo mu dɛmdi ne ɔkwan a wobɛfa so abɔ wo ho ne wo ba no ho ban yiye no ho.
