Mhlawumbi ukhe weva igama elithi bipolar disorder . Kodwa asikokutshintsha nje kweemvakalelo. Yimeko yezonyango enokuxilongwa kunye nonyango oluthile. Kodwa uyazi ukuba ingcamango yesi sifo esisibiza ngokuba yiyo namhlanje yavela njani? Kukho ibali elinomdla kakhulu emva kwayo elibuyela umva kwiminyaka engamawaka. Makhe sithethe kancinci ngaloo bali namhlanje.
Iingcamango zakudala kakhulu
Eli bali liqala kwiGrisi yamandulo. UHippocrates, owaziwa ngokuba "nguyise wezonyango," wayengowokuqala ukubhala oku. Wayengowokuqala ukubona ukuba abantu baneemeko ezimbini ezigqithisileyo kwiimvakalelo zabo. Enye yintlungu enkulu kunye noxinzelelo . Namhlanje sibiza oku ngokuba luxinzelelo . Enye ngamandla amakhulu kunye nomdlandla . Namhlanje sibiza oku ngokuba yi-mania .
Ngelo xesha, uHippocrates wayecinga ukuba ezi zinto zibangelwa kukutshintsha kolwelo (i-bilie) emzimbeni.
- I-Melancholia: Uthe ukuba lusizi olugqithisileyo luvela ekwandeni "kwe-black bile ." Igama elithi "Melas" lithetha umnyama, kwaye elithi "chole" lithetha i-bile.
- Ubuhlanya: Wayecinga ukuba amandla agqithisileyo avela ekwandeni "kwenyongo etyheli."
Emva koko, omnye ugqirha ongumGrike ogama linguAretaeus waseKapadokiya, owayephila malunga nenkulungwane yokuqala, waqhubeka nale ngcamango kancinci. Nguye owathi olu sizi lugqithisileyo namandla agqithisileyo anokuba ziimeko ezimbini ezigqithisileyo zesimo sengqondo esifanayo. Wayengowokuqala ukuphakamisa ukuba zombini ezi meko zazinxulumene nengxaki ethile engqondweni . Olu yayilufumaniso olukhulu ngelo xesha.
Ngamafutshane, oogqirha bebezama ukuqonda ingcamango yokuba ezi meko azizomvakalelo nje zosizi okanye ulonwabo, kodwa zinxulumene notshintsho lwebhayoloji olwenzeka emzimbeni, ingakumbi engqondweni.
Ngaba ukudakumba kunye ne-mania zizinto ezimbini ezifanayo?
Kangangamakhulu eminyaka, oogqirha babecinga ukuba ukudakumba kunye ne-mania zizifo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, oogqirha ababini bengqondo baseFransi bayitshintsha le ngcamango.
- UJean-Pierre Falret: Wayengowokuqala ukuthi esi sifo siyafana, ukuba singena ngemijikelo. Wasibiza ngokuba yi "folie circulaire" (i-cyclic madness). Ingcamango yakhe yayikukuba umntu unokuba nokudakumba, aze abe ngumntu oqhelekileyo okwethutyana, aze emva koko abe ne-mania. Lo mjikelo uyaqhubeka.
- UJules Baillarger:Omnye ugqirha waseFransi owayephila ngelo xesha wathi yayingumjikelo, kodwa bekungekho xesha liqhelekileyo phakathi kokudandatheka kunye nokuphambana , kwaye kwangoko nje ukuba elinye liphele, elinye liqala.
Kwangaxeshanye, ugqirha waseJamani ogama linguEmil Kraepelin, owayethathwa ngokuba "nguyise wezifo zengqondo zanamhlanje," wadibanisa zonke ezi ngcinga waza wanika le meko igama elinye: "ukuphambana okubangelwa kukudandatheka." Ingcinga yakhe yayisamkelwa phantse kwihlabathi liphela ngelo xesha.
Indlela iDSM etshintshe ngayo yonke into
Kwiminyaka yoo-1950, oogqirha bengqondo badibana ukuze benze inkqubo efanayo, incwadi yemithetho, yokuxilonga izifo zengqondo. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) . Ifana nencwadi yesikhokelo esetyenziswa ngoogqirha ukuxilonga ngokuchanekileyo izifo zengqondo. Le ncwadi ihlaziywa ngamanye amaxesha. Indlela exilongwa ngayo isifo se-bipolar itshintshile kunye nayo.
| Inguqulelo yeDSM (Uhlobo) | Indlela iBipolar Disorder eyaqala ngayo |
|---|---|
| I-DSM-I (1952) | "Ukuphambana okubangelwa kukudakumba" kukaKraepelin kwahlulwe ngamanqanaba amathathu: ukudana, ukudakumba, kunye "nokunye." Ukujikeleza kwegazi kwafakwa kwisigaba "sesinye". |
| I-DSM-II (1968) | Eli gama latshintshwa laba “yisifo sokudakumba esibangelwa kukuxinezeleka kwengqondo.” Endaweni yokuthi “okunye,” kwaqaliswa udidi olutsha olubizwa ngokuba “yi-cyclical,” oko kuthetha abantu abaye bahlangabezana neziganeko zokuxinezeleka kwengqondo nokuxinezeleka ubuncinane kanye. |
| I-DSM-III (1980) | Eli yaba lithuba lokutshintsha izinto! Igama elithi "Bipolar Disorder" laqala ukusetyenziswa apha. Laqaliswa njengesifo esahlukileyo, esahlukileyo kwisifo sokudakumba ngokubanzi. Iindlela esizisebenzisayo namhlanje zisekelwe apha. |
Indlela esiyibona ngayo iBipolar Disorder namhlanje
Namhlanje, oogqirha bahlukanise isifo se-bipolar kwiindidi ezine eziphambili. Olu hlobo lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunika isigulana unyango olufanelekileyo noluchanekileyo.
| Uhlobo lwe-Bipolar Disorder | Kalula nje... |
|---|---|
| I-Bipolar I | Ndikhe ndafumana ubuncinane isiqendu esinye esipheleleyo se-manic esithatha ubuncinane iintsuku ezisi-7. Iziqendu zokudakumba zinokufika ziphele. |
| I-Bipolar II | Akukho ziqendu ze-manic ezipheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, kukho iziqendu ezitshintshanayo ze-hypomanic kunye ne-depression . |
| Ingxaki yeCyclothymic | Ubuncinane iminyaka emibini, ukutshintshana phakathi kweempawu zokudakumba kunye neempawu zokudandatheka. Nangona kunjalo, ezi azinzima njengakwiBipolar I okanye II. Ixesha lexesha kwimood eqhelekileyo lingaphantsi kweeveki ezi-8. |
| Isifo seBipolar esingachazwanga | Amatyala apho umntu etshintshatshintsha kakhulu ngokweemvakalelo kodwa engahlangabezani neemfuno zalo naluphi na udidi olungentla. |
Ngokuphathelele unyango, utshintsho olukhulu lwenzeka ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ngokuvunywa kwesiyobisi i- lithium . Namhlanje, kukho amayeza amaninzi asebenzayo, afana nezithinteli zengqondo, amanye amayeza okulwa nesifo sokuwa, kunye neziyobisi ezilwa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Impembelelo yenkcubeko noluntu
Isifo seBipolar sisifo esinokuchaphazela abantu kulo naliphi na ilizwe kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organisation, malunga nezigidi ezingama-45 zabantu kwihlabathi liphela banesifo esinjalo.
Nangona kunjalo, inkcubeko kunye noluntu luchaphazela indlela abantu abaxilonga ngayo kwaye bafumana ngayo unyango.
- Ibala: Kwanakwilizwe lethu, abanye abantu baneentloni kwaye bayoyika ukuthetha ngesifo sengqondo okanye ukubona ugqirha. Ngenxa yesi "bala", abantu abaninzi abafuni unyango olufanelekileyo. Oku kunokulibazisa ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwesi sifo.
- Indlela ezibonakaliswa ngayo iimpawu: Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba abantu bamazwe aseAsia badla ngokuthetha kakhulu ngeempawu zomzimba (umz., iintlungu zomzimba, iintloko ezibuhlungu) kunokuba bathethe ngeengxaki zempilo yengqondo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuxilongweni okwahlukileyo.
Zonke imibutho emikhulu yezonyango, kuquka neWorld Health Organisation, zigxininisa ukuba amayeza kunye nenkxaso yengqondo/yentlalo zibalulekile ekulawuleni le meko.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Isifo seBipolar asinto intsha. Indlela esiyiqonda ngayo iye yatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusuka kwiingcamango zakudala ezifana "ne-black bile" ukuya kwisifo sobuchopho esisaziyo namhlanje.
- Oku akupheleli nje ekutshintsheni kweemvakalelo. Lutshintsho oluqhubekayo phakathi kwexesha lokuphambana, xa uziva unamandla aphezulu, kunye nexesha lokudakumba, xa uziva ulusizi kakhulu.
- Namhlanje, kukho iindidi ezithile ezifana neBipolar I kunye ne-II, ngoko ke esi sifo sinokuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye sinyangwe.
- Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo unale mpawu, musa ukuba neentloni okanye ukoyika. Thetha nogqirha wakho okanye umongikazi ngayo loo nto. Namhlanje, kukho unyango olusebenzayo olunokunceda ukulawula le meko kakuhle.
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