Ngaba wakha wasela amayeza? Okanye watyandwa? Ukuba kunjalo, ubusazi na ukuba unyango olufumeneyo luvavanyiwe kuphando lwezonyango ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nomgangatho walo ngaphambi kokuba lufikelele ezandleni zakho? Namhlanje sithetha ngolu hambo lubalulekileyo oluzisa amayeza amatsha kunye nonyango kuthi. Ngamafutshane, sithetha ngezifundo zonyango .
Yintoni uphando lwezonyango?
Ngamafutshane, uphando lwezonyango yinkqubo yokuvavanya amayeza amatsha, iinkqubo zotyando, okanye izixhobo zonyango kumaqela abantu. Ezi mvavanyo zezona zivumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde ngokuchanekileyo ukuba unyango olutsha lukhuselekile na kwaye luyasebenza na ngokwenene .
Ezi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili.
1. Uvavanyo lwezonyango
Kulapho iyeza elitsha, isixhobo, okanye unyango luthelekiswa nento esele ikho. Khawuthelekelele ukuba ufumene iyeza elitsha leswekile. Nantsi indlela olivavanya ngayo:
- Ngonyango olungcono kakhulu lwangoku: Eli yeza litsha lithelekiswa nonyango olungcono kakhulu lwesifo seswekile lwangoku.
- Nge-placebo: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu. "I-placebo" yinto ebonakala ngathi yeyeza, kodwa ayinayo nayiphi na into esebenzayo yeyeza. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukucinga nje ukuba iza kukwenza uzive ungcono kunokukwenza uzive ungcono kancinci. Ngoko ke oku kusetyenziswa ukufumanisa ukuba iyeza elitsha liyasebenza ngokwenene okanye ukuba liyimpembelelo yengqondo nje ekwenza uzive ungcono.
- Akukho nyango: Kwezinye iimeko, kuthelekiswa neqela elingafumani naluphi na unyango.
Abaphandi bahlula abathathi-nxaxheba babe ngamaqela amabini. Elinye iqela linikwa unyango olutsha. Elinye iqela linikwa unyango olukhoyo okanye "i-placebo". Emva koko bathelekisa iziphumo zala maqela mabini.
2. Izifundo zokujonga
Oku kuquka ukujonga okwenzekayo ebantwini xa belandela unyango okanye indlela ethile yokuphila. Umzekelo, ukufunda umahluko kwimpilo phakathi kwabantu abenza umthambo rhoqo nabo bangenzi njalo.
Ngubani oza nezi ngcinga zophando? Ngubani onika imali?
Ngokwesiqhelo, ingcamango yolu hlobo lophando lwezonyango ivela kumphandi esibhedlele, kwiziko lezonyango leyunivesithi, okanye kwinkampani yamayeza. Emva koko umphandi uyila uphando ukuze aphendule imibuzo ethile. Umzekelo, “Ingaba eli yeza lingcono kunamayeza akhoyo?” “Ngaba liza kubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ?”
Uphando olufana nolu lunokubiza izigidi zeerandi. Loo mali ivela:
- Kwiinkampani ezenza amayeza okanye izixhobo zonyango.
- Ukusuka kumaziko ezonyango eyunivesithi.
- Kwimibutho engenzi nzuzo efana ne-Alzheimer 's Association okanye i-American Cancer Society.
- Ukusuka kwiiarhente zikarhulumente ezifana neeNational Institutes of Health.
Ngubani ozenzayo ezi zinto? Zenziwa phi?
Yonke iprojekthi yophando ikhokelwa nguMphandi oyiNtloko . Rhoqo, loo mntu ngugqirha. Uncediswa liqela elikhulu lophando. Elo qela liquka:
- Oogqirha
- Abahlengikazi
- Abasebenzi bezentlalo
- Iingcali zezondlo
- Abafundi bezonyango
- Abanye abasebenzi bezempilo bayabandakanywa.
Olu phando lwenziwa kwizibhedlele, kumaziko ophando eyunivesithi, kwiikliniki zoluntu, nakwiiofisi zoogqirha. Ngamanye amaxesha, olu phando lude luhlawulele iindleko zenqwelo-moya, ezothutho, kunye neendleko zehotele kubantu abahlala kude neziko lophando.
Ngubani othatha inxaxheba kolu phando? Ngawaphi amanqanaba oku?
Yenziwe ngabantu abafana nawe. Abantu bayo yonke iminyaka, iintlanga, kunye nesini bayabandakanywa. Abanye abantu bayajoyina kuba ezinye iindlela zonyango abazizamileyo azisebenzanga. Abanye bayajoyina kuba akukho nyango lwesifo sabo okwangoku.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ngaphambi kokuba unyango olutsha lunikwe abantu, luqale luvavanywe kwizilwanyana zaselabhoratri ukuze kubonwe ukuba lunokubangela ingozi na. Kuphela unyango olubonisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo oluya kudluliselwa kwiimvavanyo zeklinikhi ebantwini.
Kukho amanqanaba amane aphambili ophando lwezonyango. Inani labathathi-nxaxheba liyanda ngesigaba ngasinye.
| Isigaba | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Isigaba soku-1 | Malunga nabantu abangama-20-80 bayathatha inxaxheba. Injongo ephambili kukufumanisa ukuba unyango lukhuselekile na kwaye yeyiphi idosi echanekileyo . |
| Isigaba sesiBini | Abantu abamalunga ne-100-300 bayabandakanyeka. Eli nqanaba lokujonga ukuba olu nyango lusebenza kakuhle kangakanani kwimeko ethile. |
| Isigaba sesiThathu | Amakhulu ukuya kumawaka abantu bayabandakanyeka. Bajonga indlela olu nyango olusebenza ngayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo abantu, ngeedosi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba iziphumo zale nqanaba ziphumelele, unyango luya kuvunywa ziiarhente ezifana ne-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
| Isigaba sesi-4 | Oku kwenziwa emva kokuba unyango luvunyiwe. Injongo kukujonga ukhuseleko lwalo lwexesha elide . |
Zithini iimpawu zophando lwezonyango olulungileyo noluthembekileyo?
Ngaphambi kokuba ugqirha wakho akunike iyeza elitsha, ufunda iingxelo zophando lwezonyango ezifana nezi ukuze afumanise ukuba liyasebenza na kwaye likhuselekile na. Zikwabonisa ukuba zeziphi iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho kunyango. Ukuze ugqirha wakho akwazi ukuqaphela iimpawu zakho.
Ngoko ke, nazi ezinye zeempawu zophando olusemgangathweni ophezulu noluthembekileyo:
- Imvume elawulwayo: Amayeza amatsha, izitofu, kunye nezixhobo zonyango kufuneka zivunywe yiarhente efana ne- FDA eMelika. Ezi arhente zinemithetho engqongqo yokukhusela abantu abathatha inxaxheba kuphando.
- Uhlolo oluzimeleyo: Olu phando luhlolwa rhoqo liqela loogqirha okanye izazinzulu ezingabandakanyekanga kolu phando. Baqinisekisa ukuba lukhuselekile kubathathi-nxaxheba kulo lonke ixesha lenkqubo.
- Imvume Enolwazi: Kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu othatha inxaxheba kuphando afumane imvume enolwazi . Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphambi kokuba umntu abhalisele ukuthatha inxaxheba, kufuneka achazwe ngokucacileyo zonke izibonelelo, iingxaki kunye neengozi ezibandakanyekileyo, aze anikwe lonke ulwazi aludingayo ukuze enze isigqibo esinolwazi.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Onke amayeza kunye nonyango olusebenzisayo luye lwenziwa uphando lwezonyango ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokusebenza kwalo ngaphambi kokuba lufikelele ezandleni zakho.
- Ezi zifundo zithatha iminyaka, kwaye kukho imithetho namanyathelo angqongqo okuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabathathi-nxaxheba.
- Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphando kukuzithandela ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukhuseleko lwakho luhlala lujongwa ziikomiti ezizimeleyo.
- Xa ugqirha wakho ekunike amayeza amatsha, eso sigqibo sisekelwe kubungqina obuvela kuphando olukumgangatho ophezulu olufana nolu.
Uphando lwezonyango, iimvavanyo zeklinikhi, izifundo zonyango, i-placebo, uphando lweziyobisi, iimvavanyo zeklinikhi
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