Masifunde ngeengxaki ze-Neuromuscular ngokulula.

Ngaba ngamanye amaxesha uziva ngathi awunamandla, kunzima ukuphakamisa ingalo okanye umlenze, okanye amalungu akho omzimba ayaphelelwa ngamandla xa uhamba, kwaye izihlunu zakho ziyaphela kancinci kancinci? Ezi azizozinto nje ezingaqhelekanga. Mhlawumbi emva kwezi mpawu kukho izifo zemithambo-luvo kunye nezihlunu esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje, oko kukuthi, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Neuromuscular Disorders". Ungakhathazeki, akukho nto yokoyika emva kokuva oku. Masithethe ngayo yonke into ngokucacileyo nangokulula.

Zithini Iingxaki Ze-Neuromuscular?

Ngamafutshane, eli liqela lezifo ezichaphazela iindawo ezithile kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo, ngakumbi imithambo-luvo engaphandle ( imithambo-luvo ephuma ebuchotsheni nakwintambo yomqolo), imisipha, okanye unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zimbini. Cinga ngako, iintshukumo zomzimba wethu zenzeka xa imiyalezo evela ebuchotsheni ihamba ngemithambo-luvo ukuze isebenze imisipha. Ukuba kukho impazamo kwenye indawo kuloo nkqubo, ezi zifo zinokwenzeka.

Ezi meko zihlala zibangela ubuthathaka bemisipha , ukuphelelwa ngamandla okanye ukuwohloka kwemisipha (ukuwohloka kwemisipha) , kunye notshintsho kwindlela oziva ngayo (njengokungaziva okanye ukurhawuzelelwa). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimpawu zinokuvela, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesifo.

Zithini ezi zifo? Ziyichaphazela njani imizimba yethu?

Izifo ze-neuromuscular azisisifo esinye. Ziliqela lezifo kwaye iqela ngalinye liquka iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Zinokuchaphazela ezi ndawo zilandelayo zenkqubo yethu ye-neuromuscular:

• Iiseli zophondo zangaphambili zomthambo womgogodla
• Iingcambu zemithambo-luvo (zikwaquka ne-dorsal root ganglia)
• Iinethiwekhi zemithambo-luvo `(iiPlexuses)` (umz. `(i-brachial plexus)` - enxulumene namagxa, `(i-lumbosacral plexus)` - enxulumene nentamo)
• Imithambo-luvo yecala
• I-neuromuscular junction
• Iifayibha zemisipha

Ngoku makhe sijonge izifo ezichaphazela inxalenye nganye kwezi ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe.

Izifo ezinxulumene neeseli zemithambo-luvo (iiseli zeempondo zangaphambili) zomthambo womqolo

Ezi zizifo ezidla ngokuba zizifo eziqhubekekayo ezitshabalalisa ii-motor neurons . Ii-motor neurons luhlobo lweseli engqondweni yethu nakwi-spinal cord esinceda sishukume, njengokuhamba, ukuthetha, nokuphefumla. Ezi seli zithwala imiyalezo esuka engqondweni ukuya kwimisipha.

Ngokukodwa, "iiseli zeempondo zangaphambili" ziiseli zemithambo-luvo ezikwindawo engwevu yomqolo. Zibalulekile ekushukumeni kwemisipha yethu yamathambo. Xa ezi seli zitshatyalalisiwe, izihlunu zilahlekelwa yimithambo-luvo (denervation) kwaye zibe buthathaka.

Izifo eziphambili ezikweli candelo zezi:

• I-ALS (i-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - ALS) okanye isifo sikaLou Gehrig
• Ukuwohloka kweMisipha yoMgogodla (i-SMA)
• Ukuwohloka kwemisipha yomgogodla (SBMA) okanye isifo sikaKennedy
• Ipoliyo

Iingxaki ezinxulumene nePlexus (Plexopathies)

Imithambo-luvo ephuma kwi-spinal cord yethu kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekugqibeleni iyadibana ukuze yenze inethiwekhi entsonkothileyo, okanye i-plexus . Sine-brachial plexus kwiingalo zethu ezingaphezulu, kunye ne-lumbar plexus okanye i-lumbosacral plexus kwiingalo zethu ezisezantsi, ezikwintamo yethu.

Ezi ntambo zemithambo-luvo zinokonakala, zicinezelwe, okanye zivuvuke, nto leyo enokubangela iintlungu, ukungaziva, ukurhawuzelelwa, kunye nobuthathaka engalweni okanye emlenzeni ochaphazelekayo.

Izifo ezinxulumene neengcambu zemithambo-luvo

Iingcambu zemithambo-luvo ngamasebe amafutshane omthambo womqolo. Imithambo-luvo yomqolo iphuma kwithambo lomqolo (amathambo) ecaleni komthambo womqolo wethu. Umthambo ngamnye womqolo uneengcambu zemithambo-luvo kunye neengcambu zemithambo-luvo. Iingcambu zemithambo-luvo yobuchopho kulapho imiyalezo evela kwingqondo kunye nomthambo womqolo isiya khona kwimisipha ngemithambo-luvo engaphandle.

Xa ezi ingcambu zemithambo-luvo zicinezelwa zizicubu ezingqongileyo, iintlungu kunye nokungaziva mnandi kunokwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -'radiculopathy' . Xa iingcambu zemithambo-luvo ezihambayo zicinezelwe, izihlunu ziba buthathaka.

Kukho iintlobo ze-radiculopathy kuxhomekeke apho i-spinal nerve icinezelwe khona:

• I-radiculopathy yomlomo wesibeleko
• Ukusuka embindini ukuya kwinxalenye ephezulu yesifuba (`(thoracic radiculopathy)`)
• I-Lumbar okanye i-lumbosacral radiculopathy (enxulumene nentamo kunye nomqolo ongezantsi)

Izifo ezinxulumene nemithambo-luvo engaphandle

I-peripheral neuropathy ligama eliqhelekileyo laso nasiphi na isifo esichaphazela imithambo-luvo engaphandle kwengqondo kunye nomqolo (imithambo-luvo engaphandle). Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu zoku. Ukuba imithambo-luvo engaphandle ayisebenzi kakuhle, asinakukwazi ukushukumisa izihlunu zethu. Yiyo loo nto ezi zifo zikwayinxalenye yeqela elikhulu lezifo zemithambo-luvo.

I-peripheral neuropathies inokuchaphazela kuphela iindawo ezithile zomzimba, okanye inokuchaphazela umzimba wonke. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-peripheral neuropathy lolo luchaphazela izandla neenyawo, ingakumbi iintupha zeminwe. Umzekelo, abanye abantu abanesifo seswekile banamahlwili ezinyaweni zabo, ngokungathi abakwazi ukuwuva umhlaba. Lo ngumzekelo woku.

Nantsi eminye imizekelo:

• Ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo okubangelwa sisifo seswekile
• Ngenxa yokusebenzisa utywala kakhulu (ingxaki yokusebenzisa utywala)
• Ukungondleki kakuhle
• Imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi -'Amyloidosis'
• Izizathu zemfuza okanye zelifa (umz. isifo sikaCharcot-Marie-Tooth)
• Izizathu zokuzikhusela komzimba okanye zokudumba (umz., `(Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy - CIDP)`, `(Guillain-Barré syndrome)`)
• Ukuchanabeka kwizinto ezinobuthi (umz., iikhemikhali ezinobuthi ezifana nolwelo lokucoca, izibulali-zinambuzane)

Izifo ze-neuromuscular junction

I-neuromuscular junction (NMJ) lunxibelelwano (synapse) phakathi kwesiphelo se-motor nerve kunye ne-muscle. Ukuze inxibelelane ne-muscle, i-motor nerves ikhupha ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-acetylcholine ngale ndibano. Ukuba kukho isiphene kule nxibelelwano, kuvela izifo ezinxulumene ne-neuromuscular junction.

Izifo eziphambili ezichaphazela eli lungu zezi:

• `I-Botulism` (imeko enokwenzeka ngenxa yokutyhefeka kokutya)
• `Isifo se-Lambert-Eaton myasthenic (i-LEMS)`
• `I-Myasthenia Gravis`

Izifo zemisipha (i-Myopathies)

I-Myopathies zizifo ezichaphazela ngqo izihlunu zethu zamathambo (izihlunu ezinamathela emathanjeni ethu). Ezi zifo zonakalisa imicu yezihlunu kwaye zenze buthathaka izihlunu. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-myopathies. Ezinye zizalwa nazo (zizalwe ngokwemfuza okanye zifuzo). Ezinye zinokukhula kamva ebomini.

Nangona kunjalo, ukwenzakala ngqo okufana nokukrazula, ukutsala, okanye ukukruneka kwemisipha akungeni kolu didi lwe-"myopathies".

Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemisipha

I-Muscular dystrophy liqela lezifo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwezihlunu ngenxa yezizathu zemfuza (ezizuzwe njengelifa). Ezinye zezona ntlobo ziphambili zezi:

• I-Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) - Olu lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo.
• "I-Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)"
• `I-Myotonic dystrophy`
• ``Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD)''

IiMyopathies ze-Autoimmune kunye ne-Inflammatory

Ezi zizifo eziphazamisa ukusebenza kwezihlunu ngenxa yeziphene kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Imizekelo:

• `Isifo sesikhumba`
• `I-Polymyositis`
• "I-myopathy ebangelwa kukuzikhusela komzimba"

Ezinye iiMyopathies

Izifo zemisipha zinokwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo:

• Ukungalingani kwe-electrolyte : Umzekelo, i-calcium ephezulu egazini (hypercalcemia) okanye i-potassium ephezulu egazini (hyperkalemia) inokubangela iingxaki zemisipha.
• Ii-myopathies ze-endocrine : Ukungalingani kwamahomoni okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwezihlunu. Umzekelo,Ezi zinokubangelwa ziingxaki ze-thyroid gland, i-parathyroid glands , okanye i-adrenal glands .
• I-Metabolic myopathies : Ezi zibangelwa ziziphene kwiijini eziyalela izihlunu ukuba zivelise ii-enzymes. Imizekelo: izifo zokugcina i-glycogen, iingxaki zokugcina amafutha emzimbeni.
• I-Mitochondrial myopathies : Ezi zibangelwa ziziphene kwi-mitochondria, iindawo ezivelisa amandla kwiiseli.
• Ukukhubazeka okwenziwa rhoqo : Eli liqela lezifo zemithambo-luvo ezizuzwe njengelifa. Kule meko, izihlunu ziba buthathaka rhoqo kwaye zingakwazi ukufinyela.
• Iimyopathies ezinetyhefu: Ezi zibangelwa yityhefu okanye iyeza eliphazamisa ulwakhiwo okanye ukusebenza kwezihlunu.

Zeziphi izifo zemithambo-luvo nezihlunu ezixhaphakileyo?

Enyanisweni, i-peripheral neuropathy yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi meko. Kungenxa yokuba ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu. Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 eMelika banohlobo oluthile lwe-peripheral neuropathy.

Kodwa abantu abaninzi abacingi nge-(peripheral neuropathies)` njenge-(neuromuscular disorders)`, kuba baneqela elahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-`(neuromuscular diseases)` esiye seva ngayo sonke, kodwa eneneni inqabile, yi -`(ALS) ` kunye ne -`Muscular Dystrophy` .

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezi zifo?

Iimpawu zezifo zemithambo-luvo zingahluka, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile lwesifo. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nezihlunu ziquka:

• Ubuthathaka bemisipha (ubunzima bokuphakamisa ingalo okanye umlenze, ukungakwazi ukuphakamisa izinto ezinzima)
• Ukuwohloka kwemisipha ( ukuphela kwemisipha nokuphela kwayo)
• Ukuxhuzula kwemisipha (i-fasciculations), ii-cramps, okanye ii-spasms
• Intlungu yemisipha
• Ukuqina kwemisipha (Ukuqaqamba kwemisipha)
• Ubunzima bokuhamba
• Iingxaki zokulinganisela kunye nokulungelelanisa
• Iinkophe ezigobileyo okanye ezinye iindawo zobuso
• Ubunzima bokuthetha (i-dysarthria) ngenxa yobuthathaka bemisipha yolwimi okanye yomlomo/yobuso
• Ubunzima bokuginya (dysphagia) ngenxa yobuthathaka bemisipha yepharynx
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla ngenxa yobuthathaka bemisipha ye-diaphragm

Ezinye iimpawu zingabandakanya:

• Ukudinwa
• Ukuba ndindisholo
• Iimvakalelo ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nokuhamba kweembovane okanye iiphini kunye neenaliti (i-paresthesia)

Kubalulekile: Ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu zilandelelana, ingakumbi ukuba ubuthathaka bemisipha buvela ngequbuliso okanye kancinci kancinci, qiniseka ukuba ubona ugqirha.

Kutheni ezi zifo zenzeka? Zithini izizathu?

Zininzi izizathu zezifo zemithambo-luvo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ziyimfuza . Oku kuthetha ukuba zinokubangelwa zizifo zemfuza ezizuzwe ngabazali okanye lutshintsho olungalindelekanga kwimfuza (uguquko). Ezi zifo zinokubangelwa sisiphene kwimfuza enye okanye ziziphene kwiimfuza ezininzi.

Ezinye izifo ze-neuromuscular zizifo ezibangelwa kukuzikhusela komzimba . Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba ihlasela iiseli zethu. Ezinye zinokubangelwa yingozi, ukunqongophala kokutya, ukuphazamiseka kwemetabolism, ukuvezwa yityhefu, okanye ukudumba. Ngamanye amaxesha, akukho sizathu sifumanekayo.

Ugqirha uzichonga njani ezi zifo?

Xa ubona ugqirha, uza kukubuza ngembali yakho yezonyango, ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho okhe waba nale meko, ngawaphi amayeza owasebenzisayo, kunye neempawu onazo. Emva koko, baza kwenza uvavanyo lomzimba oluqhelekileyo kunye novavanyo lwe-neurological . Olu vavanyo lunokujonga iingxaki zengqondo, umqolo, kunye nenkqubo ye-peripheral nervous (kuquka nezihlunu).

Ungathunyelwa kwingcali yezifo zengqondo ukuze ufumane uvavanyo oluthe kratya. Ezinye iimvavanyo ezinokunceda ukuqinisekisa ezi meko ziquka:

• I-Electromyography (EMG) : Oku kuvavanya impilo kunye nokusebenza kwezihlunu zakho zamathambo kunye nemithambo-luvo ezilawulayo.
• Uvavanyo lokuqhuba imithambo-luvo : Olu vavanyo luvavanya ukusebenza kwemithambo-luvo yakho engaphandle.
• Uvavanyo lwegazi : Olu vavanyo lunokujonga izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokungasebenzi kakuhle kwee-enzyme kunye neempawu zeemeko zokuzikhusela komzimba.
• Uvavanyo lwemifanekiso : Uvavanyo olufana ne -MRI , i-CT scan , kunye ne-neuromuscular ultrasound lunokubona ukuba kukho naziphi na iingxaki ngengqondo, umqolo, kunye/okanye imithambo-luvo.
• I-biopsy yemisipha: Kolu vavanyo , kuthathwa isampuli encinci yemisipha yakho kwaye ingcali yezifo iyihlola phantsi kwe-microscope ukubona ukuba akukho ziphazamiso na.
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza : Olu vavanyo lunceda ekuqinisekiseni ezinye izifo zemfuza zemithambo-luvo.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango zezi zifo?

Unyango lwezifo zemithambo-luvo luyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile lwesifo. Ngokubanzi, uninzi lwezifo zemithambo-luvo azinakuphiliswa ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho unyango kunye nonyango olunokunceda ukunciphisa iimpawu, ukumisa ukuqhubela phambili kwesifo, okanye ukucothisa ukuqhubela phambili kwaso. Isicwangciso sakho sonyango singabandakanya:

• Amayeza
• Unyango lomzimba kunye nonyango lomsebenzi
• Unyango lokuthetha
• Unyango lwesondlo
• Izixhobo zokuncedisa ezenza kube lula ukuhambahamba
• Ezinye iinkqubo zonyango, kuquka utyando

Rhoqo, ingcali yemithambo-luvo (ingakumbi ingcali yemithambo-luvo) iya kuba ngugqirha wakho oyintloko kwezi meko. Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesimo, unokufuna uncedo kwezinye iingcali kunye nababoneleli bezempilo. Oku kungabandakanya:

• Iingcali zonyango lomzimba kunye neengcali zonyango lomsebenzi
• Iingcali zeRheumatology
• Iingcali zePulmonologists kunye neengcali zokuphefumla
• Iingcali zezifo
• Oogqirha botyando
• Iingcali zamathambo
• Iingcali zezifo zolwimi lwentetho
• Iingcali zezondlo
• Iingcali zengqondo
• Abasebenzi bezentlalo

Yintoni onokuyilindela xa uphila nolu hlobo lwesifo?

Izifo ezininzi zemithambo-luvo kunye nemisipha zihlala ixesha elide (ezingapheliyo) . Oku kuthetha ukuba zinokuhlala ubomi bonke. Nangona kungekho nyango, amayeza kunye nolunye unyango lunokunceda ukulawula iimpawu, ukumisa ukuqhubela phambili kwesi sifo, okanye ukusinciphisa. Ugqirha wakho angakunika umbono ongcono wento onokuyilindela, kuxhomekeke kwimeko yakho ethile.

Izifo ze-neuromuscular ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zeemeko ezichaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwemithambo-luvo kunye nemisipha engaphandle. Ukuba ufumana ubuthathaka bemisipha ngequbuliso okanye engachazekiyo, thetha nogqirha. Uyakwazi ukuvavanya iimpawu zakho aze akucebise ngovavanyo ukuze afumanise unobangela.

Okokugqibela, eyona nto ibalulekileyo (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Musa ukoyika ukuva igama elithi Neuromuscular Disorders. Uninzi lwezi meko zinokulawulwa ngokufunyanwa kwangethuba, unyango olufanelekileyo, kunye nolawulo. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba, ukuba uneempawu ezingaqhelekanga (ingakumbi ubuthathaka bemisipha, ukuba ndindisholo, ubunzima bokuhamba),Musa ukuzityeshela, funa ingcebiso kagqirha ngoko nangoko.

Khumbula, awuwedwa. Kukho oogqirha abanobuchule, iingcali zonyango, kunye namaqela enkxaso anokukunceda ujongane nezi meko. Ukufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo kwangethuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo eya kubomi obusempilweni.

Izifo ze - neurological, izifo zemisipha, iingxaki ze-neuromuscular, i-ALS, i-Muscular Dystrophy, i-Peripheral Neuropathy, i-Myasthenia Gravis