Ake sifunde kabanzi ngalo 'mkhuhlane' (umkhuhlane) otholwa yiwo wonke umuntu, akunjalo?

Ngakho-ke, lesi sifo okukhulunywa ngaso yonke indawo kulezi zinsuku, futhi mhlawumbe nawe usungcono, noma mhlawumbe uke wabona othile emndenini wakho egula futhi ehlushwa yiso, sibizwa ngokuthi 'umkhuhlane'. Abanye abantu basibiza nangokuthi 'umkhuhlane obangelwa yigciwane'. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe ' ngomkhuhlane ' ngamagama alula. Sizobheka izinto eziningi njengokuthi uyini, kungani usenzeka, ukuthi ungawugwema kanjani, nokuthi yini okufanele uyenze uma uwuthola.

Iyini ngempela i-influenza?

Kalula nje, umkhuhlane ukugula okubangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-influenza. Uma uwuthola, ungase ube nezimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, izinhlungu zomzimba, umphimbo obuhlungu, kanye nomkhuhlane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungaba kubi kakhulu. Umkhuhlane uvame kakhulu ngesikhathi sobusika. Ngezinye izikhathi, uthinta abantu abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi sikubiza ngokuthi ubhubhane.

Yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka lapho umkhuhlane uvame kakhulu khona?

Emazweni aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, njenge-United States, isizini yomkhuhlane ibhekwa njengeqala ngo-Okthoba kuya kuMeyi. Kodwa-ke, isiqongo salesi sifo, okusho ukuthi abantu abaningi bayagula, sivame ukuba phakathi kukaDisemba noFebhuwari. ESri Lanka, lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane wegciwane luvame ukubonakala kakhulu ngezikhathi zamakhaza nezimvula.

Umkhuhlane uvame kangakanani?

Eqinisweni, umkhuhlane uyisifo esithathelwanayo esivame kakhulu. Cabanga nje, ezweni elifana neMelika, abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-20 no-40 bathola lesi sifo phakathi nenkathi ngayinye yomkhuhlane. Ngakho ungacabanga ukuthi lokhu kusakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani.

Uyini umehluko phakathi komkhuhlane nomkhuhlane ovamile?

Lona umbuzo abantu abaningi abanawo. Kokubili umkhuhlane kanye nomkhuhlane kungaba nezimpawu ezifanayo, njengekhala eligobhozayo kanye nokukhwehlela. Kodwa-ke , izimpawu zomkhuhlane ngokuvamile azibi zimbi kangako, kuyilapho izimpawu zomkhuhlane zingaba zimbi kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziholele ezinkingeni eziyingozi. Khumbula, lezi zifo ezimbili zibangelwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zamagciwane.

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi nginomkhuhlane noma i-COVID-19?

Lona futhi umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu, ngoba izimpawu zazo zombili zifana kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze wazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi une-flu noma i-COVID-19, udinga ukuhlolwa nakanjani. Kukhona ingozi yokuthola izimo ezibucayi kuzo zombili lezi zifo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi lezi zifo ezimbili zibangelwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zamagciwane, odokotela bazelapha ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi.

Ubani osengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezivela kumkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu bangathola umkhuhlane kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangaba nezinkinga ezisongela ukuphila futhi kungadingeka bangeniswe esibhedlela. Uma unezinye zezimo ezilandelayo, usengozini enkulu yokugula kakhulu ngenxa yomkhuhlane:

• KuweUma unesifo samaphaphu esingamahlalakhona njenge-asthma noma i-COPD (Isifo Sokuvinjelwa Kwamaphaphu Okungalapheki).
• Uma uke waba nesifo sezinso, isibindi, isimiso sezinzwa , inhliziyo, noma imithambo yegazi (njengokushaywa unhlangothi).
• Uma unesifo esithinta ukusebenza kwemisipha noma esenza kube nzima ukukhwehlela, ukugwinya, noma ukususa ulwelwesi emaphashini.
• Uma unesifo sikashukela (i-Diabetes Mellitus) .
• Uma amasosha omzimba wakho ebuthakathaka (isibonelo, ngenxa ye-HIV/AIDS, umdlavuza, noma ukuthatha imithi yokucindezela amasosha omzimba).
• Uma unesifo esihlobene negazi , isibonelo, isifo se-sickle cell.
• Uma inkomba yakho yesisindo somzimba (i-BMI) ingaphezu kwama-30 (okusho ukuthi ukhuluphele kakhulu).
• Uma ungumntwana ongaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala , noma uma ungaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala .
• Uma ungumama okhulelwe .
• Uma ungaphansi kweminyaka engu-19 ubudala futhi uphuza i-aspirin njalo.
• Uma uhlala esikhungweni sokunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abakula maqembu asengozini, ikakhulukazi labo abanezimpawu zomkhuhlane, ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha nje lapho bethola izimpawu.

Ziyini izimpawu zomkhuhlane?

Izimpawu zomkhuhlane zivame ukuvela ngokuzumayo. Ungase ube nezinye noma zonke lezi:

• Imfiva
• Ukugodola
• Ubuhlungu bomzimba
• Ukukhwehlela
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• Impumulo egobhozayo noma ukuminyana kwamakhala
• Ukuzizwa ukhathele futhi ungenampilo
• Uhudo noma ukuhlanza (lokhu kuvame ukubonakala ezinganeni ezincane)

Yini ebangela umkhuhlane?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, umkhuhlane ubangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-influenza. Izinhlobo ezivame ukuthelela abantu yi-influenza A, B, kanye no-C. Kulezi, izinhlobo ezimbili, i-influenza A kanye no-B, zingezikhathi zonyaka (okungukuthi, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi sonyaka obandayo), futhi izimpawu zazo azibi kakhulu. I-Influenza C ayibangeli izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu, futhi ayibangeli ngezikhathi zonyaka - ibikwa enanini elifanayo lamacala unyaka wonke.

Kokubili i-H1N1 (ebizwa nangokuthi "umkhuhlane wezingulube") kanye nomkhuhlane wezinkukhu, esesizwile ngawo, kuyizinhlobo zegciwane lomkhuhlane A.

Ingabe umkhuhlane uyathelelana?

Yebo, umkhuhlane uyisifo esithathelwanayo. Ngokuvamile, umuntu onesifo somkhuhlane angathelela omunye umuntu noma ababili.

Umkhuhlane udluliselwa kanjani?

Igciwane lomkhuhlane lisakazeka ngokuxhumana okuqondile noma okungaqondile nomuntu onegciwane. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko umkhuhlane ongasakazeka ngazo:

• Uma umuntu ogulayo ekhwehlela, ethimula, noma ekhuluma, amaconsi angawela ezandleni zakho noma aphefumulelwe ngqo ekhaleni noma emlonyeni wakho. Ukusuka lapho, igciwane lingahamba liye emaphashini akho.
• Ngokuthinta indawo enegciwane bese uthinta ubuso bakho, impumulo, umlomo, noma amehlo. Isibonelo, izibambo zeminyango, amadeski, amakhompyutha, kanye namafoni.
• Ngokuthinta izandla noma ubuso bomuntu one-flu bese uthinta ubuso bakho, impumulo, umlomo, noma amehlo.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi igciwane lingene emzimbeni futhi libangele izimpawu?

Uma uthelelekile ngegciwane, izimpawu zivame ukuqala ukubonakala phakathi nosuku olulodwa kuya kwezine (isikhathi sokufukamela).

Umkhuhlane utholakala kanjani?

Udokotela uzobuza ngezimpawu zakho bese ehlola isampula ye-mucus ekhaleni lakho ukuqinisekisa umkhuhlane. Bazofaka i-swab ethambile, eneziqongo zekotoni (i-swab) ekhaleni lakho ukuze babheke igciwane lomkhuhlane. Ezinye izivivinyo zingakunikeza imiphumela ngemizuzu, noma ngezinye izikhathi isampula ingathunyelwa elebhu futhi imiphumela ingatholakala ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili.

Ulashwa kanjani umkhuhlane?

Kwezinye izimo, odokotela bangase bakunike imithi yokulwa namagciwane yomkhuhlane. Le mithi inganciphisa ingozi yakho yokugula kakhulu futhi inciphise isikhathi osichitha ugula. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bangasinda kumkhuhlane ngaphandle kwale mithi. Odokotela banikeza le mithi yokulwa namagciwane ezimweni ezilandelayo:

• Uma izimpawu sezikhona isikhathi esingaphansi kwamahora angu-48, ukusebenza kahle kwale mithi kungancipha uma izimpawu sezikhona izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngaleso sikhathi igciwane selisakazeke kakhulu emzimbeni futhi umzimba usuqalile ukulwa nalo ngama-antibodies.
• Uma unesinye isimo sezokwelapha esiyisisekelo, noma uma usengozini yokuthola isifo esingathi sína, udokotela wakho angase akunike lo muthi ngisho noma sekudlule amahora angaphezu kwangu-48 kusukela izimpawu zakho zaqala.
• Uma izimpawu zinzima kakhulu , imithi inganikezwa noma ngabe ukugula kuqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili.
• Kulungile uma uhlala noma unakekela abantu abangase babe nezinkinga ezinkulu ngenxa yomkhuhlane.

Yimiphi imithi yomkhuhlane?

Nazi ezinye izidakamizwa zokulwa namagciwane zomkhuhlane:

• I-Oseltamivir phosphate (igama lomkhiqizo iTamiflu®). Lokhu kuthathwa ngomlomo njengephilisi noma uketshezi. Ngokuvamile kuthathwa izinsuku eziningana.
• I-Zanamivir (igama lomkhiqizo i-Relenza®). Lokhu kuhogelwa ngomlomo kusetshenziswa i-inhaler. Kudingeka futhi kuthathwe izinsuku eziningana. Akukhuthazwa kubantu abanezinkinga zokuphefumula njenge-asthma noma i-COPD.
• I-Peramivir (igama lomkhiqizo i-Rapivap®). Lona umuthi onikezwa ngqo emthanjeni (IV) ngudokotela. Ngokuvamile unikezwa ngomthamo owodwa.
• I-Baloxavir marboxil (igama lomkhiqizo elithi Xofluza®). Lokhu kuthathwa ngomlomo njengephilisi noma uketshezi. Kuthathwa njengomthamo owodwa. Akukhuthazwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, omama abancelisayo, iziguli ezibhedlela, kanye nabantu abanezinye izimo zezokwelapha.

Uma unezinye izimo zezokwelapha, kufanele nakanjani utshele udokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuqala umuthi wokulwa namagciwane onjengalo.

Imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa

Umuthi ngamunye we-antiviral ungaba nemiphumela emibi ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, ovame kakhulu isicanucanu kanye nesifo sohudo. Imithi ephefumulwayo ngezinye izikhathi ingabangela i-bronchospasm.

Ungazilawula kanjani izimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya?

Abantu abaningi bangakwazi ukulawula izimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya. Imithi ethengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi (OTC) kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingasiza:

• Phumula kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Phuza uketshezi oluningi, njengamanzi nesobho. Lokhu kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
• Ukufaka isikhwama samanzi ashisayo emzimbeni kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu.
• Ungathatha imithi yokunciphisa izinhlungu efana ne -acetaminophen (isib., i-Tylenol®) noma ama-NSAID (isib., i-Advil®, i-Motrin®, i-Aleve®) ukuze unciphise umkhuhlane, ikhanda elibuhlungu, kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba.
• Uma uminyanisekile ekhaleni noma ugobhoza impumulo, ungasebenzisa izifutho zamakhala noma imithi yokuvula umlomo, njenge -phenylephrine noma i-pseudoephedrine .
• Ukuze ulawule ukukhwehlela okuvamile, ungathatha imithi yokwelapha umkhuhlane efana ne -dextromethorphan .
• Ama-expectorant, njenge -guaifenesin , asiza ekukhululeni ulwelwesi emaphashini.

Akuyona yonke imithi ye-OTC esebenzela wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke kuwumqondo omuhle ukuhlola nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa. Futhi, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola ukuthi imithi ethile iphephile yini ukuyithatha kanye noma nezinye izithasiselo ozithathayo. Unganiki izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 i-aspirin ngaphandle kokuthi uqondiswe udokotela.

Ungakuvimbela kanjani ukuthola umkhuhlane?

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ingozi yokuthola umkhuhlane ukuthola umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane minyaka yonke.Lokhu kunganikezwa njengomjovo noma njengesifutho samakhala. Kubalulekile ukuthola umuthi wokugoma minyaka yonke ngoba igciwane lomkhuhlane lingaguquka.

Nazi ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ingozi yakho yokuthola umkhuhlane:

• Geza izandla zakho kahle ngensipho namanzi njalo. Uma insipho namanzi kungatholakali, sebenzisa isihlanzi sezandla esinotshwala .
• Mboza impumulo nomlomo wakho uma ukhwehlela noma uthimula. Kungcono ukukhwehlela/ukuthimula endololwaneni yakho noma ethanjeni kunokuba ukwenze ngesandla.
• Gwema ukuba seduze nabanye abantu uma wena noma omunye umuntu enesifo esithelelanayo, njengomkhuhlane. Uma ugula futhi kufanele ube seduze nabanye abantu, gqoka imaski.
• Gwema ukuthinta ubuso bakho, amehlo, impumulo nomlomo.
• Ungabelani ngokudla, iziphuzo, noma izitsha (izipuni, amafoloko, izinkomishi) nabanye.

Kwenzekani uma ngithola umkhuhlane? Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukululama?

Iningi labantu lingakwazi ukulawula izimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya futhi lilulame zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa noma isonto. Kodwa-ke, kungaba yinto engathí sina, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqapha izimpawu zakho nokufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha uma kudingeka. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma unezinye izimo zempilo eziyisisekelo.

Uma une-flu, kufanele ugweme ukuhlangana nabanye abantu ngaphandle kokuthi ufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha.

Umkhuhlane uhlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Umkhuhlane ungahlala kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emavikini amabili. Izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba zivela ngokuzumayo, kodwa ziyaphela ngokushesha kunezinye izimpawu. Ukukhwehlela noma impumulo egobhozayo kungase kuhlale isikhathi esithile.

Umkhuhlane uthelelana isikhathi esingakanani?

Ungasakaza umkhuhlane kusukela ngosuku olungaphambi kokuba uqale ukuba nezimpawu kuya cishe ngesonto ngemuva kokuba uqale ukuba nezimpawu. Uthelelana kakhulu ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kwezine zokuqala ngemva kokuba izimpawu ziqalile. Abantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka kanye nezingane ezincane bangasakaza lesi sifo ngisho nangaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ngingabuyela nini emsebenzini/esikoleni?

Ukuze uvimbele ukusabalalisa umkhuhlane kwabanye, kufanele ulinde okungenani amahora angama-24 ngemuva kokuba ungenawo umkhuhlane (ngaphandle kokuthatha imithi yokwehlisa umkhuhlane) ngaphambi kokubuyela emsebenzini noma esikoleni. Indawo yakho yokusebenza noma isikole sakho singase sibe nemithetho ehlukile.

Izinkinga zomkhuhlane

Igciwane lomkhuhlane ngokwalo lingabangela izinkinga, noma lingenza buthaka amasosha omzimba wakho futhi livumele amabhaktheriya ukuthi athelele izingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba wakho (ukutheleleka kwesibili). Izinkinga ezinjalo kanye nokutheleleka kwesibili zifaka:

• Ukutheleleka kwendlebe
• Ukutheleleka kwe-Sinus
• I-pneumonia, ukutheleleka okukhulu kwamaphaphu. I-pneumonia ingaholela ezimweni ezisongela ukuphila njenge-Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
• Ukulahlekelwa/ukuphuphuma kwesisu.
• Ukukhubazeka kwe-neural tube (NTDs) kwenzeka enganeni ekhula esibelethweni sikamama okhulelwe.

Ngesikhathi sobhubhane oluvamile lomkhuhlane ezweni elifana ne-United States, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abaphakathi kuka-20,000 no-50,000 bayafa ngenxa yomkhuhlane minyaka yonke. Abanye abantu abangu-300,000 kuya ku-500,000 bagula kakhulu futhi kudingeke bangeniswe esibhedlela.

Kufanele ubonane nini nodokotela?

Uma ucabanga ukuthi unomkhuhlane, kubalulekile ukuhlolwa kusenesikhathi. Uma udokotela wakho ekunike imithi yokulwa namagciwane, izosebenza kangcono. Bona udokotela ngokushesha uma:

• Uma unezimpawu zomkhuhlane futhi unesinye isimo sezokwelapha esikubeka engcupheni enkulu yokugula kakhulu .
• Uma izimpawu zingathuthuki ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyishumi, noma uma umkhuhlane uqhubeka izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezintathu.
• Uma ungumama okhulelwe futhi unemfiva noma ezinye izimpawu zomkhuhlane .

Kufanele uye nini e-Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) ?

Uma unezimpawu zokugula okungathí sina, kufanele uye ekamelweni eliphuthumayo noma ufune iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha. Izimpawu ezinjalo zifaka:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu (ngaphezu kuka-103 Fahrenheit/40 Celsius).
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula.
• Akukho noma kuncane kakhulu ukuphuma komchamo.
• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma besisu (esiswini) obungapheli.
• Ukuzungeza okuqhubekayo.
• Ukudideka.
• Ubuhlungu obukhulu bemisipha noma ubuthakathaka.
• Ukuquleka.
• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wesikhumba, izindebe, noma izinzipho ( i-cyanosis - lokhu kusho ukuthi kunamazinga aphansi omoya-mpilo egazini noma ezicutshini zakho).
• Umkhuhlane noma ukukhwehlela kuyaphola, bese kuba kubi futhi.
• Ukuwohloka kwezinye izimo zezokwelapha ezingamahlalakhona.

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele uyibuze udokotela wakho?

• Ngiwuthatha kanjani ngempela lo muthi?
• Yiziphi izinhlobo zemithi engathengwa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela (i-OTC) engingathenga ekhemisi?
• Ngingazilawula kanjani izimpawu zami ekhaya?
• Yiziphi izimpawu ezinzima okufanele ngikhathazeke ngazo?
• Kufanele ngiye nini egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo?
• Kufanele ngiphinde ngikubone nini futhi?
• Kuzongithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi ngilulame?

Ingabe umkhuhlane wesisu uyafana nomkhuhlane?

Cha. I-Gastroenteritis, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-stomach flu, ayibangelwa yigciwane le-influenza. Kuyisifo esihlukile esingahlobene nomkhuhlane wezinkathi.

Okokugcina, izinto okudingeka uzikhumbule

Nakuba umkhuhlane uyisifo esivame kakhulu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ungabangela izinkinga ezisongela ukuphila. Ukuthola umjovo womkhuhlane kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuzivikela ekuguleni nokuvikela abathandekayo bakho nomakhelwane.Uma unezinye izimo zezokwelapha eziyisisekelo noma ukhulelwe, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezindlela zokunciphisa ingozi yakho yokuthola umkhuhlane. Ukuthola umkhuhlane akumnandi, kodwa kubantu abaningi, kuyisimo esingelashwa ngefilimu enhle nesitsha sesobho senkukhu. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha uma kudingeka.