Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu? Ake sixoxe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe!

Wake wakhathazeka ngento efana nokukhwehlela okuqhubekayo? Ngezinye izikhathi sicabanga ukuthi kuyinto encane, kodwa kungaba uphawu lokugula okukhulu. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesifo abantu abaningi abasesabe, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela. Lowo umdlavuza wamaphaphu, noma `(Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu)`. Kalula nje, umdlavuza wamaphaphu yisifo esenzeka lapho amangqamuzana emaphashini akho eqala ukuhlukana ngokungalawuleki. Amangqamuzana emzimbeni wethu ahlukana ngokujwayelekile futhi enze amangqamuzana amasha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Yilokho okusiza umzimba wethu ukhule futhi ulungise izicubu. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, izinguquko ezithile `(ukuguqulwa)` kwenzeka kulawa maseli. Bese lawa maseli aqala ukuhlukana ngisho nalapho kungafanele. Lawa maseli ahlukanisayo angalawuleki ayahlangana futhi akhe `(amathumba). Ngenxa yalawa mathumba, izitho ezifana namaphaphu ethu azikwazi ukusebenza kahle. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu yigama elinikezwa umdlavuza oqala emaphashini. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuqala emaphashini, ezindaweni ezifana ne-bronchi noma i-bronchioles noma ama-air sacs amancane abizwa ngokuthi i-alveoli. Ngezinye izikhathi, umdlavuza oqala kwezinye izindawo ungasakazekela emaphashini. Odokotela base beyibiza ngokuthi 'umdlavuza osakazeka emaphashini akho'. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umdlavuza uqanjwe lapho waqala khona.

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza ezithinta amaphaphu, uma sikhuluma 'ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu' sivame ukubhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko. Lezi umdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona amaseli amancane (i-NSCLC) kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu wamaseli amancane (i-SCLC).

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona amangqamuzana amancane (i-NSCLC)

Lolu uhlobo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu oluvame kakhulu. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-80% abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu banalolu hlobo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo. Isibonelo, `(Adenocarcinoma)` kanye `(Squamous cell carcinoma)` kungashiwo. `(Adenosquamous carcinoma)` kanye `(Sarcomatoid carcinoma)` nazo ziyizinhlobo ezimbili eziwela ngaphansi kwe-`(NSCLC)`, kodwa azivamile kangako.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu wamaseli amancane (i-SCLC)

Lolu hlobo lwe-`(SCLC)` lukhula ngokushesha kune-`(NSCLC)` futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuluphatha. Luvame ukutholakala njengesimila esincane emaphashini, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi sesisakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Izinhlobo ezithile ze-`(SCLC)` yi-`(Small cell carcinoma)` (ebizwa nangokuthi `(oat cell carcinoma)`) kanye ne-`(Combined small cell carcinoma)`.

Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezingavela emaphashini

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko, kunezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza eziqala emaphashini noma eduze kwawo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ama-lymphoma, ama-sarcoma, kanye ne-pleural mesothelioma. Lezi ziphathwa ngendlela ehlukile futhi ngokuvamile azibizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Yiziphi izigaba zomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Uma kutholakala ukuthi umdlavuza ukhona, odokotela babheka isigaba okuso. Lokhu kunqunywa ngobukhulu besimila sokuqala, ukuthi sisakazeke kangakanani ezicutshini eziseduze, nokuthi ngabe sisakazeke yini kuma-lymph node noma kwezinye izitho zomzimba. Uhlobo ngalunye lomdlavuza lunesistimu ehlukile yokulinganisa.

Izigaba zomdlavuza wamaphaphu

Isigaba ngasinye singaba nezinhlanganisela ezahlukene zobukhulu nokusabalala. Isibonelo, umdlavuza osesigabeni sesi-3 ungaba mncane kunowodwa osesigabeni sesi-2. Kodwa-ke, ubhekwa njengothuthuke kakhulu ngenxa yezinye izici. Izigaba ezivamile zomdlavuza wamaphaphu yilezi:

• Isigaba 0 (Isigaba 0 - Ukungena ngaphakathi): Umdlavuza usengxenyeni ephezulu yamaphaphu noma i-bronchi kuphela. Awukasabalali kwezinye izingxenye zamaphaphu noma ngaphandle kwamaphaphu.
• Isigaba I: Umdlavuza awukasabalali ngaphandle kwamaphaphu.
• Isigaba II: Umdlavuza mkhulu kunesigaba I, ususakazekele kuma-lymph node ngaphakathi kwamaphaphu, noma kunezimila ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ku-lobe efanayo yamaphaphu.
• Isigaba III: Umdlavuza mkhulu kunesigaba II, ususakazekele kuma-lymph node aseduze noma ezakhiweni ezizungezile, noma kunezimila ezingaphezu kweyodwa kwenye ingxenye yephaphu elifanayo.
• Isigaba IV: Umdlavuza ususakazekele kwelinye iphaphu, uketshezi oluzungeze iphaphu , uketshezi oluzungeze inhliziyo , noma izitho ezikude.

Izigaba Ezilinganiselwe Nezibanzi - ze-Small Cell Carcinoma (SCLC)

Nakuba odokotela manje basebenzisa izigaba ezifanayo ``I`` kuya ku-``IV`` ze-``SCLC``, ungase uzwe namagama athi ``isigaba esinqunyelwe`` noma ``isigaba esikhulu``. Lokhu kuncike ekutheni umdlavuza ugcinwe endaweni engelashwa nge-``insimu eyodwa yemisebe``.

• Isigaba se-SCLC esilinganiselwe sivalelwe ephashini elilodwa. Ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi sisakazekele kuma-lymph node maphakathi nesifuba noma kuma-lymph node ohlangothini olufanayo ngaphezu kwe-collarbone.
• Umdlavuza we-SCLC osezingeni eliphezulu ungase usabalale kuwo wonke amaphaphu, noma ungase usabalale komunye amaphaphu, kuma-lymph node ngakolunye uhlangothi lwamaphaphu, noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Uyini umdlavuza wamaphaphu osakazeke kakhulu?

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu osakazeka kalula umdlavuza oqala kwelinye iphaphu bese usakazekela kwelinye iphaphu noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ukwelapha lolu hlobo lomdlavuza osakazeka kalula kunzima kunokwelapha umdlavuza otholakala endaweni ethile.

Uvame kangakanani umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Emazweni afana ne-United States, umdlavuza wamaphaphu uhlobo lwesithathu oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza. Ngokusho kwezinhlelo zezempilo kulawo mazwe, kubikwa amacala amasha omdlavuza wamaphaphu angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili minyaka yonke. Lokhu kungabhekwa njengenkinga enkulu yezempilo eSri Lanka.

Ziyini izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu zifana nezezinye izifo ezingatheni kangako. Abantu abaningi abanazo izimpawu kuze kube yilapho isifo sesiqhubeke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu zisencane. Ngisho noma benezimpawu, bangase babe nesinye noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukukhwehlela okungapheli futhi kuya kuba kubi kakhulu.
• Ubunzima noma ukuphelelwa umoya (i-dyspnea).
• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ukungakhululeki.
• Ukukhala komoya umsindo wokukhala komoya ovela esifubeni.
• Ukukhwehlela igazi (i-hemoptysis) .
• Izwi liyaba lihoshozela.
• Ukudla akunambitheki .
• Ukuba mncane ngaphandle kwesizathu.
• Ukuzizwa ukhathele kakhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu.
• Ubuhlungu behlombe .
• Ukuvuvukala kobuso, intamo, izingalo, noma isifuba esingaphezulu (i-Superior vena cava syndrome).
• Inhlamvu yeso elilodwa ivulekile, ijwabu leso liyagoba, futhi ukujuluka kulolo hlangothi kuyancipha noma akukho (i-Horner's syndrome).

Yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala zomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo noma i-pneumonia engapheli naphezu kokwelashwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaba uphawu lokuqala lomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kodwa kungabangelwa nezinye izimo ezingatheni kangako. Izimpawu zokuqala ezivame kakhulu ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo noma okubi kakhulu, ukuphelelwa umoya, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukushaqeka, noma ukwehla kwesisindo okungachazeki. Kuye ngokuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqala kuphi, ezinye zalezi zimpawu zingase zivele ezigabeni zokuqala (isigaba I noma II). Kodwa zivame ukuvela ngemva kokuba umdlavuza usuqhubekele esigabeni esiphezulu. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlolelwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu uma usengozini.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungahlala isikhathi esingakanani ngaphandle kokwaziwa?

Umdlavuza ungakhula emzimbeni wakho iminyaka eminingi ungaqapheli. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvame ukungabonisi zimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala.

Yiziphi izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvela lapho amangqamuzana angadingi ngempela ukwahlukana eqhubeka ehlukana. Njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili, ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana kuyinqubo evamile. Kodwa iseli ngalinye linokushintsha okubizwa ngokuthi "ukusakhula" okusho ukuthi, "Kwanele, ungasahlukani", noma indlela yokufa lapho kudingeka (i-apoptosis). Lolu shintsho lusebenza lapho iseli lihlukana kakhulu, noma uma linezinguquko eziningi kakhulu (ukuguqulwa). Amangqamuzana omdlavuza amangqamuzana avamile emizimbeni yethu ane "ukuguqulwa" okususe lolo shintsho. Ngemuva kwalokho amangqamuzana aqhubeka nokuhlukana ngokungalawuleki, ephazamisa amangqamuzana ethu avamile. Lawa maseli omdlavuza angangena egazini noma ohlelweni lwe-lymphatic, ahambe aye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, futhi asakaze umonakalo. Asazi kahle ukuthi kungani abanye abantu bethuthukisa lezi zinguquko futhi bahlakulele umdlavuza, kanti abanye abakwenzi. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile, njengokusebenzisa imikhiqizo kagwayi, zingalimaza amangqamuzana akho futhi zandise ingozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Izici eziyingozi zomdlavuza wamaphaphu

Nakuba kunezici eziningi ezandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, isici esisodwa esikhulu sengozi ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lukagwayi, njengogwayi, ugwayi, namapayipi. Ochwepheshe bathi ama-80% abantu ababulawa umdlavuza wamaphaphu ahlobene nokubhema. Ezinye izici eziyingozi zifaka:

• Ukuchayeka ekubhemeni kwentuthu yomuntu obhemayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uchayeka ekubhemeni kwentuthu yomuntu obhemayo uma useduze nomuntu obhemayo, noma ngabe awubhemi.
• Ukuchayeka ezintweni eziyingozi njengokungcola komoya, i-radon, i-asbestos, i-uranium, umusi wedizili, i-silica, kanye nemikhiqizo yamalahle.
• Njengoba ngike ngathola ukwelashwa ngemisebe esifubeni (isibonelo, ngomdlavuza webele noma i-lymphoma).
• Umlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu (ukuthambekela kwefa).

Ingabe ukufutha utshwala kubangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Uma uphefumula i-vape (usebenzisa idivayisi ephefumula ingxube ye-nicotine kanye nezinongo), ungaphefumula izinto eziningana, okuhlanganisa nezinto ezaziwa ukuthi zibangela umdlavuza. Ngenxa yokuthi uphefumula i-vape usemusha, asazi yonke imiphumela yayo yesikhathi eside. Kodwa ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ingabangela umonakalo emaphashini.

Ingabe abantu abangabhemi bangathola umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Nakuba ukubhema kuyisici esiyinhloko esibangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, cishe abantu abangu-20% abatholakale benalesi sifo abakaze babheme. Yingakho kubalulekile ukukhuluma nodokotela uma unezimpawu ezisolisayo.

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu utholakala kanjani?

Ukuxilonga umdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyinqubo enezinyathelo eziningi. Uma uqala ukubona udokotela, uzobuza ngezimpawu zakho, abuze ngomlando wakho wezokwelapha, futhi enze ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (njengokulalela inhliziyo namaphaphu akho). Ngenxa yokuthi izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu zifana nezezinye izifo ezivamile, udokotela wakho angase aqale a-ode ukuhlolwa kwegazi kanye ne-X-ray yesifuba. Uma udokotela wakho esola ukuthi unesifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu, izinyathelo ezilandelayo kuzoba ukwenza ezinye izivivinyo zezithombe, njenge-CT scan, kanye ne-biopsy. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi i-PET/CT scan ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umdlavuza ususakazeke yini, kanye nokuhlola izicubu zomdlavuza ezivela ku-biopsy ukuze kutholakale ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu.

Ingabe i-X-ray yesifuba ingabonisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ama-X-ray awalungile njenge-CT scans ekuboniseni izimila zamaphaphu, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala. Izimila zingase zibe zincane kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ku-X-ray, noma zingase zifihlwe ezinye izakhiwo emzimbeni (njengezimbambo). I-X-ray ayikwazi ukutshela ngokuqinisekile ukuthi unomdlavuza wamaphaphu - ingabonisa udokotela kuphela uma kukhona okusolisayo okudingeka kuhlolwe kabanzi.

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezisetshenziswa ukuxilonga umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ukuhlolwa udokotela wakho angase akuyalele kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuhlolwa kwezithombe, kanye nokuhlolwa koketshezi noma kwezicubu.

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuphela akukwazi ukuthola umdlavuza, kodwa kungasiza udokotela wakho ukuthi abone ukuthi izitho zakho nezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakho zisebenza kanjani.

Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe

Ama-X-ray esifubeni kanye nama-CT scan anika udokotela wakho izithombe zezinguquko emaphashini akho. I-PET/CT scan ivame ukwenziwa uma kutholakala okuthile okusolisayo ku-CT scan, noma ngemva kokuba umdlavuza usutholakale ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ususakazekile yini.

Ukuhlolwa kwebhayoloji

Kunezindlela eziningana udokotela wakho angazisebenzisa ukuze abone kangcono okwenzekayo esifubeni sakho. Kulezi zindlela, udokotela wakho angathatha isampula yezicubu noma uketshezi (i-biopsy). Angalubheka ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuze abone ukuthi akhona yini amangqamuzana omdlavuza nokuthi uluhlobo luni lomdlavuza. Lawa masampula angabuye ahlolwe izinguquko zofuzo (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) ezingathinta ukwelashwa kwakho. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa ukuthola umdlavuza wamaphaphu kusenesikhathi noma ukuthola okwengeziwe ngokusabalala kwawo zifaka:

• Ukuhlolwa kwenaliti: Kulokhu, udokotela usebenzisa inaliti ukuthatha isampula yoketshezi noma izicubu.
• Ukuhlinzwa kwesifuba okusekelwe ku-Bronchoscopy, i-Thoracoscopy, noma i-Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS): Udokotela usebenzisa lezi zinqubo ukubheka izingxenye zamaphaphu nokuthatha amasampula ezicubu.
• I-Thoracentesis: Udokotela usebenzisa le nqubo ukuthatha isampula yoketshezi oluzungeze amaphaphu akho bese eluhlola.
• I-ultrasound ye-Endobronchial noma i-ultrasound ye-Endoscopic esophageal: Udokotela usebenzisa lezi zindlela ukubheka ama-lymph node nokwenza ama-biopsies.
• I-Mediastinoscopy noma i-mediastinotomy: Udokotela usebenzisa lezi zinqubo ukubheka indawo ephakathi kwamaphaphu (i-mediastinum) bese ethatha amasampula.

Ukuhlolwa kwama-molecule

Njengengxenye ye-biopsy, udokotela wakho uzohlola isampula yezicubu zakho ukuze athole izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) ezingahloswa ngemithi ekhethekile. Lokhu kuyingxenye yohlelo lwakho lokwelashwa. Ku-NSCLC, izakhi zofuzo ezingaba nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo okungahloswa yilezi:

• `(KRAS)`
• `(EGFR)`
• `(ALK)`
• `(ROS1)`
• `(I-BRAF)`
• `(RET)`
• `(MET)`
• `(HER2)`
• `(NTRK)`

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu welashwa kanjani?

Umgomo wokwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu ukususa umdlavuza emzimbeni wakho noma ukulawula ukukhula kwawo. Lokhu kwelashwa kungasusa amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kuwabhubhise, kuwavimbe ekuhlukaneni, noma kufundise amasosha omzimba wakho ukulwa nawo. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha nazo zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izimpawu nokuqeda ubuhlungu. Ukwelashwa okutholayo kuzoncika ohlotsheni lomdlavuza wamaphaphu onawo, ukuthi ukuphi, ukuthi ususakazeke kangakanani, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.

Yimiphi imithi/ukwelashwa okusetshenziselwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzwa, i-radiofrequency ablation (RFA), ukwelashwa ngemisebe, i-chemotherapy, ukwelashwa ngemithi okuqondiwe, kanye ne-immunotherapy.

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa kuyatholakala kumdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona oweseli elincane (i-NSCLC) ongakasabalali kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu weseli elilodwa (i-SCLC). Udokotela wakho ohlinzayo uzosusa umdlavuza kanye nezicubu ezithile ezinempilo ezizungezile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awekho amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze unikeze ithuba elihle lokuthi umdlavuza ungabuyi, kudingeka ukususwa kabusha ukuze kususwe wonke noma ingxenye yamaphaphu akho.

Ukususwa kwe-Radiofrequency (RFA)

Kuma-tumors angewona amaseli amancane omdlavuza wamaphaphu (i-NSCLC) eduze kwemiphetho yangaphandle yamaphaphu, ukwelashwa okubizwa ngokuthi i-radiofrequency ablation (RFA) ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa. I-RFA isebenzisa amaza omsakazo anamandla aphezulu ukushisa nokubhubhisa amaseli omdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusebenzisa imisebe enamandla amakhulu ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Kungenziwa wedwa noma njengesithasiselo sokuhlinzwa ukuze ukuhlinzwa kuphumelele kakhulu. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusetshenziswa futhi njengokunakekelwa kokunciphisa ubuhlungu - ukunciphisa amathumba nokunciphisa ubuhlungu. Kusetshenziswa kokubili i-NSCLC kanye ne-SCLC.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuyinhlanganisela yemithi evame ukusetshenziswa ukuvimba ukukhula kwamaseli omdlavuza. Inganikezwa ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuhlinzwa, noma ihlanganiswe neminye imithi, njengokwelashwa ngamasosha omzimba. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali komdlavuza wamaphaphu kuvame ukunikezwa ngemithambo yegazi (IV).

Ukwelashwa ngemithi okuqondiwe

Abanye abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona amaseli amancane (i-NSCLC) banezinguquko ezithile (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) emaseli abo omdlavuza wamaphaphu ezisiza umdlavuza ukuthi ukhule. Imithi ekhethekile ihlose lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo futhi izama ukulawula noma ukubulala amaseli omdlavuza. Eminye imithi, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-angiogenesis inhibitors, ingavimba ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha okudingeka amaseli omdlavuza akhule.

Ukwelashwa nge-immunotherapy

Imizimba yethu ivame ukubona futhi ibhubhise amangqamuzana alimele noma angenampilo. Kodwa amangqamuzana omdlavuza angacasha ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba futhi ahlale engatholakali. I-immunotherapy isebenza ngokudalula amangqamuzana omdlavuza ohlelweni lwakho lokuzivikela komzimba. Umzimba wakho ungabe usulwa nomdlavuza.

Ukunakekelwa kobuhlungu

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izimpawu ezifana nobuhlungu nobunzima bokuphefumula. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindlela zokwelapha ezinciphisa noma ezisusa izimila ezivimba imigudu yomoya, kanye nezindlela zokususa uketshezi oluzungeze amaphaphu futhi luvimbele ukwakheka kwawo futhi.

Iyini imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa?

Imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu incike ohlotsheni lokwelashwa okutholayo. Udokotela wakho angakutshela ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela emibi ongayilindela nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga okufanele uziqaphele ngokwelashwa kwakho.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

• Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza.
• Uhudo.
• Ukulahlekelwa izinwele.
• Ukukhathala.
• Izilonda zomlomo.
• Ukulahlekelwa umuzwa, ubuthakathaka, noma ukuba ndikindiki (i-neuropathy).

Ukwelashwa nge-immunotherapy

• Ukukhathala.
• Ukuqhuma okubuhlungu.
• Uhudo.
• Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza.
• Ubuhlungu bamalunga.
• Imiphumela emibi eyengeziwe ingase ivele ngenxa yezinkinga (isb., i-pneumonia, i-colitis, i-hepatitis).

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

• Ubunzima bokuphefumula.
• Ukukhwehlela.
• Ubuhlungu.
• Ukukhathala.
• Ubunzima bokugwinya.
• Isikhumba esomile, esilumayo, noma esibomvu.
• Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza.

Ukuhlinzwa

• Ubunzima bokuphefumula.
• Ubuhlungu odongeni lwesifuba.
• Ukukhwehlela.
• Ukukhathala.

Ungazilawula kanjani izimpawu nemiphumela emibi?

Udokotela wakho angase akunike imithi yokukusiza ukuphatha izimpawu zakho noma imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa kwakho. Uchwepheshe wokunakekelwa kobuhlungu noma uchwepheshe wezokudla angakusiza ukuphatha ubuhlungu bakho noma ezinye izimpawu futhi athuthukise ikhwalithi yokuphila kwakho ngenkathi uthola ukwelashwa.

Yini okufanele ngiyilindele uma nginomdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Okufanele ukulindele ngemva kokuthola ukuthi unomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuncike ezintweni eziningi. Kwabanye abantu abanomdlavuza osesigabeni sokuqala, odokotela bazowususa umdlavuza bese beqhubeka nokuhlolwa okulandelayo iminyaka eminingana. Kwabanye abaningi, lokhu kuyinqubo eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungazama ukwelashwa okukodwa kuze kusebenze, bese ushintshela kokunye ukwelashwa uma kungasasebenzi.

Ingabe umdlavuza wamaphaphu usakazeka ngokushesha?

Ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu usakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani kuncike ohlotsheni lwawo. Ezinhlotsheni eziyinhloko, umdlavuza wamaphaphu wamangqamuzana amancane (i-SCLC) uvame ukusabalala ngokushesha kunomdlavuza wamaphaphu wamangqamuzana angewona amancane (i-NSCLC). Ngesikhathi umdlavuza wamaphaphu utholakala, kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele usakazekele kuma-lymph node noma kwezinye izitho zomzimba.

Ingabe umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungelapheka?

Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, uma zitholakale ngaphambi kokuba zisakazeke, zingabhekwa njengezelaphekile. Kodwa ochwepheshe abavami ukusebenzisa igama elithi "cured" ukuchaza umdlavuza. Bavame ukusebenzisa amagama athi "remission" noma "no evidence of disease (NED)." Uma usuthole i-relieve noma "NED" iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu, ungabhekwa njengolaphekile. Kodwa-ke, kuhlale kunethuba elincane lokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza azobuya.

Lingakanani izinga lokusinda komdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Izinga lokusinda komdlavuza wamaphaphu lincike kakhulu ekutheni umdlavuza ususabalale kangakanani lapho utholakala, ukuthi usabela kahle kangakanani ekwelashweni, impilo yakho iyonke, nezinye izici. Isibonelo, ngezimila ezincane ezingasakazekelanga kuma-lymph node, izinga lokusinda lingu-90% wezimila ezincane kunesentimitha eli-1, u-85% wezimila eziphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-1 no-2, kanye no-80% wezimila eziphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2 no-3. Izinga lokusinda kweminyaka emihlanu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu otholakale kunoma yisiphi isigaba lingu-22.9%. Izinga lokusinda kweminyaka emihlanu ngesigaba somdlavuza lilandelayo:

• Kumdlavuza wendawo emaphashini elilodwa: 61.2% (64% ye-NSCLC, 29% ye-SCLC)
• Ngomdlavuza osakazekele kuma-lymph node (esifunda): 33.5% (37% ku-`(NSCLC)`, 18% ku-`(SCLC)`)
• Kwabadla umdlavuza abakude: 7% (26% kwabakwa-NSCLC, 3% kwabakwa-SCLC)

Kodwa khumbula, lezi zibalo azibonisi ngokunembile ukuxilongwa kwakho kanye nokwelashwa kwakho.Ngenxa yentuthuko ekuxilongweni nasekwelashweni, amazinga okufa kwabantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu aye ehla ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje.

Ziyini amazinga okusinda ahlobene?

Udokotela wakho angasebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amazinga okusinda eminyaka emihlanu ukuchaza ukuthi umdlavuza wakho wamaphaphu ungathinta kanjani impilo yakho eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokuxilongwa. Lezi zinombolo ziqhathanisa izinga lokusinda komuntu onomdlavuza wamaphaphu nelomuntu ojwayelekile oneminyaka efanayo.

Ungawuvimbela kanjani umdlavuza wamaphaphu?

Ngenxa yokuthi asazi kahle ukuthi yini ebangela iningi lomdlavuza, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuwuvimbela ukunciphisa ingozi yakho. Nazi ezinye izindlela onganciphisa ngazo ingozi yakho:

• Ukungabhemi, noma uma uyeka, ukuyeka. Ingozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu iqala ukwehla phakathi neminyaka emihlanu yokuyeka.
• Gwema intuthu esetshenziswa ngomunye umuntu kanye nezinye izinto ezingalimaza amaphaphu akho.
• Yidla ukudla okunempilo futhi ugcine isisindo esinempilo. Ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi ukudla izithelo nemifino (izinkomishi ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha nesigamu ngosuku) kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yomdlavuza.
• Uma usengozini enkulu, hlolelwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Ukuhlolwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kungandisa amathuba akho okuthola umdlavuza ezigabeni zawo zokuqala. Uma uhlangabezana nazo zonke lezi zidingo, uyafaneleka ukuhlolwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu:

• Uma uneminyaka ephakathi kuka-50 no-80 ubudala.
• Uma ubhema njengamanje, noma uma uyeka ukubhema eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule.
• Uma unomlando wokubhema iminyaka engama-20 (inani lamaphakethe kagwayi owabhemayo ngosuku liphindaphindwa ngenani leminyaka owabhema ngayo),

Buza udokotela wakho ngezinzuzo nezingozi zokwenza lokhu kuhlolwa kanye ngonyaka.

Ngizinakekela kanjani?

Ukuzinakekela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa komdlavuza. Nazi ezinye izindlela ongazinakekela ngazo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi welashwa noma uyalulama:

• Uma kungenzeka, letha umngane noma ilungu lomndeni ukuze ubone udokotela wakho. Bazokusiza ukhumbule ulwazi nezinketho udokotela akunika zona.
• Hlela kusengaphambili ukuthi uzozizwa kanjani ezinsukwini ezilandelayo zokwelashwa. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukucela usizo olwengeziwe, ukulungiselela ukudla kusenesikhathi, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unesimiso esilula.
• Ngisho noma ungazizwa kahle, buza udokotela wakho mayelana nokudla okunempilo.
• Phuza amanzi amaningi ukuze ugcine umzimba wakho unamanzi.
• Vivinya umzimba uma kungenzeka futhi njengoba kunconywa udokotela wakho.
• Gcina izinombolo zocingo ezibalulekile ziseduze. Ungase ubone odokotela abaningana, ngakho-ke kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi ubani ozomshayela ucingo uma unenkinga.
• Cabanga ngokujoyina iqembu lokusekelana, kungaba endaweni yakini noma ku-inthanethi. Ukuba nabantu abaye badlula entweni efanayo kungakusiza ukuthi uthole umbono futhi wazi ukuthi yini ongayilindela.

Uma usuqedile ukwelashwa, ukwesekwa kanye nokuzinakekela kungadlala indima ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Unganqikazi ukucela usizo noma isiqondiso. Qiniseka ukuthi uyalandela njengoba udokotela wakho encoma.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela? / Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami?

Uma unezimpawu ezikukhathazayo, bona udokotela wakho. Uma ubhema noma uke wabhema esikhathini esidlule, buza udokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Eminye imibuzo ongayibuza udokotela wakho ihlanganisa:

• Yiziphi izindlela zami zokwelapha?
• Iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuzinakekela ekhaya?
• Ukwelashwa kuzoba njani?
• Yiziphi izinyathelo zami ezilandelayo?
• Yiziphi izinombolo ezibalulekile okufanele uzishayele uma unemibuzo noma uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo?
• Yimiphi imiphumela emibi okufanele ngikhulume nawe ngayo?
• Kufanele ngiye nini eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo (i-ETU) ?

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kungaletha imizwa ehlukahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi inani lolwazi olusha lingaba nzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izibalo azikwazi ukubikezela ukuthi ukwelashwa kwakho kuzohamba kanjani noma ukuthi yiziphi izinqumo ezizolunga ngesimo sakho esithile.

Ngosizo lwabangane abathembekile noma iqembu lokusekelana, ungathola usizo lokucabangela izinketho zakho nokuveza izifiso zakho. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuvame ukuba inqubo, futhi ukuzinakekela kungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zakho.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Umdlavuza wamaphaphu uyisifo esibi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma utholakale kusenesikhathi futhi welashwa kahle, amathuba okululama aphezulu. Kubalulekile ukugwema ukubhema, ukulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo, nokuhlolwa njalo kwezokwelapha uma unezici eziyingozi. Uma unenkinga nganoma yiziphi izimpawu, ungangabazi ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha. Khumbula, awuwedwa, futhi baningi abantu abangakusiza kulolu hambo.

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Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu, Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu, Izimpawu Zomdlavuza, Izimbangela Zomdlavuza, Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza, Ukubhema, i-NSCLC, i-SCLC, Impilo Yamaphaphu