Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa igama elithi lobotomy ebhayisikobho noma encwadini. Uma ulizwa, lisafika engqondweni njengento eyesabekayo futhi engavamile, akunjalo? Kuyini ngempela? Kungani lokhu kwenziwa esikhathini esidlule? Ingabe kusenjalo nanamuhla? Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngezimpendulo zayo yonke le mibuzo engqondweni yakho ngendlela elula kakhulu nenobungane.
Kuyini ngempela i-lobotomy?
Kalula nje, i-lobotomy iwukuhlinzwa kobuchopho. Kodwa akuyona indlela yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu esiyenzayo namuhla. Kwakuyindlela eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi ngawo-1940 nawo-1950, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engu-70-80 edlule.
Ubuchopho bethu buhlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana, noma 'ama-lobes'. Ingxenye ngayinye yenza umsebenzi ohlukile. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwe-lobotomy kwakuhlose i-frontal lobe yobuchopho. Ukuhlinzwa kwakuhilela ukusika imbobo ekhanda kanye nokunqamula ukuxhumana kwezinzwa phakathi kwe-frontal lobe kanye nengxenye yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuthi i-thalamus.
Manje ungase ucabange, "O Nkulunkulu wami, kungani babengenza lokho?" Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani, sidinga ukubuyela emuva esikhathini. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungekho ukwelashwa okusebenzayo kwezifo zengqondo ezinzima njengathi namuhla. Izibhedlela zengqondo, noma njengoba zazibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, zazigcwele iziguli ezihlushwa izifo zengqondo ezinzima. Zazinikezwa izinketho ezimbalwa zokwelapha ezilinganiselwe, njengokwelashwa nge-electroconvulsive (ECT). Ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzwa kwe-lobotomy kwafika endaweni yesehlakalo 'njengendlela yokugcina' yokunikeza usizo ezigulini ezinjalo ezingenakuzisiza.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezimo lokhu kuhlinzwa okwenziwa ngazo esikhathini esidlule?
Ngaleso sikhathi, odokotela basebenzisa lokhu kuhlinzwa ezigulini ezazihlushwe yizifo zengqondo zesikhathi eside futhi ezazingasabelanga kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Ezinye zezimo eziyinhloko zifaka:
- Imicabango nezenzo ezingafuneki eziphindaphindwayo ( Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - OCD )
- Ukucindezeleka okukhulu I-Schizophrenia
- I-Psychosis
- I-Neurosis Engapheli
- Ubuntu Obungenandaba Nomphakathi (Ubuntu Obungenandaba Nokusebenza Kwengqondo)
Ngaleso sikhathi, odokotela babekholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobudlova nokungavamile kwesiguli kwakubangelwa yimizwa engavamile, engalawuleki engxenyeni engaphambili yobuchopho. Ngakho-ke, babekholelwa ukuthi ngokunqamula lezo zixhumanisi, isiguli sizoba nokuthula futhi sithobeke , sikwazi ukuya ekhaya sihlale nomndeni waso.
Eqinisweni, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi iziguli ezingaphezu kuka-40% zakhishwa ekhaya ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Nakuba lokhu kwakuwukuhlinzwa okungavamile futhi okuyingozi namuhla, kwakubonakala njengethemba elisha kubantu ngaleso sikhathi.
Umlando omnyama we-lobotomy
Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwaqala ukwethulwa usosayensi wasePortugal u-Egas Moniz. Waze wanikezwa uMklomelo weNobel kwezokwelapha ngo-1949 ngalokhu kutholwa. Udokotela waseMelika ogama lakhe linguWalter Freeman waqhubeka nale ndlela. Wethula indlela ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-transorbital'. Kuyo, kwafakwa ithuluzi elibukhali lomklamo wakhe (elifana ne-ice pick) ngesokhethi leso, ngaphezu kweso, ebuchosheni futhi lasika imicu yezinzwa. Wabheka lokhu njengendlela esheshayo nelula kakhulu, futhi wenza izinkulungwane zokuhlinzwa, kuhlanganise nezingane.
Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezahamba kahle. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ubuntu bezinye iziguli bashintsha ngokuphelele. Baba ngabangenandaba, abanesithakazelo kunoma yini. Abanye bakhohlwa ukuthi baziphathe kanjani emphakathini futhi baqala ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanele. Ngenxa yalokhu, odokotela abaningi babephikisana nakho, ngoba babekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukushintsha ubuntu bomuntu ngokuhlinzwa akulungile.
Ngokutholakala kwemithi ephumelela kakhulu yezifo zengqondo, njenge-chlorpromazine, ngawo-1950, isidingo se-lobotomy sanyamalala kancane kancane. Ngawo-1960, indlela endala ye-lobotomy yayicishe ishiywe ngokuphelele.
Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engathi sína yalokhu kuhlinzwa?
Ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho kuhlale kuyingozi. Ngenxa yokuthi ubuchopho buyisitho esizwela kakhulu, umonakalo waso awuvami ukuhlehliswa. Ithebula elingezansi libala eminye yemiphumela emibi eyinhloko engenzeka ngemva kokuhlinzwa okudala kwe-lobotomy.
| Umphumela Ongemuhle | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| Ukopha kobuchopho | Ukopha ebuchosheni ngemva kokuhlinzwa. |
| Ukutheleleka kobuchopho kanye namathumba | Amagciwane angena ebuchosheni ngokuhlinzwa futhi abangele amathumba. |
| Isifo Sokuxhuzula | Ukuquleka okubangelwa ukulimala kobuchopho ngenxa yokuhlinzwa. |
| Ukunganaki | Umuzwa wokungabi nasithakazelo, injabulo, noma ukudabuka kunoma yini. |
| Ukuwohloka kobuhlakani | Ukwehla kwekhono lokucabanga, ukwenza izinqumo, nokukhumbula. |
| Ukuziphatha okungafanele emphakathini | Ukungakwazi ukulawula izifiso nokuziphatha okungekuhle emphakathini. |
| Ukufa | Cishe ama-2% eziguli ashone ngenxa yezinkinga ezibangelwe ukuhlinzwa. |
Ngakho-ke, ingabe ama-lobotomies asaqhutshwa nanamuhla?
Impendulo emfushane necacile yalo mbuzo ithi, "Cha." Okusho ukuthi, ukuhlinzwa kwe-lobotomy okudala, kwakudala, okungahleliwe akwenziwa ndawo emhlabeni namuhla.
Kodwa-ke, lokho akusho ukuthi ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho kwesifo sengqondo sekuphelile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kubizwa ngokuthi ' ukuhlinzwa kwengqondo ' noma, ngokunembile, ukuhlinzwa kwengqondo okune-stereotactic . Lezi izindlela ezihlukile ngokuphelele futhi ezithuthuke kakhulu kune-lobotomy endala.
Indlela yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa ngayo namuhla
Kulezi zinsuku, odokotela bangenza ama-scan (CT), ama-scan (MRI), (EEG)Ukusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezifana no-, ukuthola indawo eqondile yenkinga ebuchosheni kuze kufike ku-millimeter. Bese kuthi, ngokusika okuncane kakhulu, kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ezifana ne-microscope kanye nommese we-gamma, indawo encane kakhulu enenkinga kuphela elashwa ngaphandle kokulimaza ezinye izingxenye zobuchopho.
Lolu hlobo lokuhlinzwa lwenziwa kuphela eqenjini elincane kakhulu leziguli ezingakalulami kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha, okuhlanganisa imithi kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo, isikhathi eside. Lwenziwa odokotela abahlinzayo bezinzwa abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu. Imiphumela etholakala lapha iphumelela kakhulu, futhi umonakalo ebuchosheni mncane kakhulu.
Namuhla, lezi zindlela zokuhlinzwa ezithuthukisiwe zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ubuhlungu obukhulu, isithuthwane, ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza okufana nesifo sikaParkinson, kanye nezinye izifo zengqondo ezinzima njenge-OCD kanye nokucindezeleka. Enye indlela yesimanje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) manje isetshenziswa ngempumelelo kulezi zimo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- 'I-lobotomy' yakudala yayiwukuhlinzwa kobuchopho kwakudala okwenziwa esikhathini esidlule, lapho kwakungekho ezinye izindlela zokwelapha izifo zengqondo ezinzima.
- Kwakunemiphumela emibi kakhulu, futhi namuhla ukuhlinzwa akwenziwa ndawo emhlabeni.
- Namuhla, ukuhlinzwa kwengqondo kwezifo zengqondo sekuthuthuke kakhulu. Kwenziwa ngomonakalo omncane ebuchosheni, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana nokuskena kwe-MRI, futhi kwenziwa ngokunemba okukhulu, futhi kusetshenziswa kuphela iziguli ezihlulekile kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha.
- Uma wena noma othile omaziyo ehlushwa ukugula kwengqondo noma ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, into engcono kakhulu neyokuqala okufanele uyenze ukubona udokotela wakho nixoxe ngakho. Namuhla, kunezindlela eziningi zokwelapha eziphephile nezisebenzayo ezitholakalayo.
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