Sonke sike sasebenzisa umuthi wokulwa namagciwane esikhathini esithile empilweni yethu, akunjalo? Uma sithola ukutheleleka ngamagciwane, iphilisi elincane udokotela asinika lona liyamangalisa ngempela. Kodwa bangaki kithi abazi izindaba ezingemuva kwale mithi esindisa impilo? Nakuba ezinye izindaba zibhalwe ngamagama egolide emlandweni, izindaba zamaqhawe namaqhawekazi athile zimbozwe esihlabathini sesikhathi. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngomunye wabalingiswa abafihliwe, kodwa ababaluleke kakhulu. Igama lakhe nguMattiedna Johnson.
Ungubani lo Matilda Johnson?
UMatilda Johnson akayena isazi sezinto eziphilayo ngokomsebenzi, ungumhlengikazi. Kodwa lokho akuzange kumvimbele ekusizeni emjahweni wokuthola ama-antibiotic angasindisa izigidi zezimpilo. Wazalelwa ngo-1918 emndenini wabalimi abampofu eMississippi, uMatilda wayenekhono kakhulu ekufundeni. Waqeda isibili esikoleni, kamuva waphothula esikoleni sabahlengikazi futhi wajoyina umsebenzi njengomhlengikazi obhalisiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, okungukuthi, ngawo-1930 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1940, isifo esibizwa ngokuthi 'umkhuhlane obomvu' sasisakazeka kabi eMelika. Sasithinta kakhulu izingane ezincane. Ngalezo zinsuku, ngaphandle kwama-antibiotic, cishe ama-20% ezingane ezazithola lesi sifo zafa. Cabanga ukuthi kwakwethusa kangakanani lokho. Ngolunye usuku, ewadini elalibekelwe eceleni iziguli ezinomkhuhlane obomvu esibhedlela lapho uMatilda ayesebenza khona, usana oluncane lwashona ezandleni zakhe. Wayengasoze akhohlwe lesi sigameko.
Ukugula okungapheli kanye nokukhanya kwethemba
Ngo-1944, njengoba iMpi Yezwe II yayisondela, izinkampani zemithi zazizama ukuthuthukisa ama-antibiotic afana ne-penicillin. UMnyango Wezempi wase-US wawumemezele ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-penicillin kuyinto eza kuqala. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho abona khona isikhangiso ephephandabeni iMatidna futhi wafaka isicelo sokujoyina lo msebenzi wocwaningo. U-CM Christensen, uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseMinnesota, wamqasha. Ekhulela epulazini, ulwazi lwakhe lokwenza ijeli, ibhotela, nensipho lwaba usizo olukhulu enkambisweni yesayensi yokuhlukanisa isikhunta. Wayesebenza nezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zesikhunta. Kodwa isithakazelo sakhe esikhethekile sasigxile esikhunta asithole esobho likatamatisi. Wethula lesi sikhunta kumagciwane abangela umkhuhlane obomvu. Imiphumela yaba yimpumelelo enkulu.
Uma zibukwa ngesibonakhulu, lezi zinhlamvu zesikhunta zazibukeka kuye “njengeqembu lamagundane anolaka agijima endlini, edla yonke into.”
Wanikeza abaphathi bakhe la masampula, kodwa akatholanga mpendulo. Ngo-1946, washiya lowo msebenzi ukuze ayokwenza umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli eLiberia. Ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, isifo esesabekayo i-scarlet fever sase selapheka kalula ngenxa yama-antibiotic.
Ukuntuleka kwenhlonipho? "Umphumela weMatilda"
Kwaba kamuva nje lapho uMatidna ethola khona ukuthi uPfizer wayefake ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1949 ngomuthi i-oxytetracycline ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba elithi Terramycin. Nakuba kwakungelona ikhambi elihle kakhulu lomkhuhlane obomvu, kusewumuthi onamandla kakhulu osetshenziswa namuhla.
Umbuzo uwukuthi: ingabe lo muthi wenziwe ngesikhunta iMatidna esitholakala esobho likatamatisi? UMatidna wayekholelwa kanjalo. Abanye ochwepheshe namuhla bathi akanikwanga udumo ngokuthola kwakhe. Wayekholelwa nokuthi lo muthi waqanjwa ngokuthi iTerramycin ngenxa yencazelo yakhe "yegundane elibi." Kodwa uPfizer uyavuma kuphela ukuthi iMatidna yayiyingxenye yephrojekthi ye-penicillin. Ilungelo labo lobunikazi laqanjwa ngamadoda amathathu. Lokhu akulona uMatilda kuphela. Kuwo wonke umlando, kube nezimo eziningi lapho abesifazane abenze iminikelo ebalulekile kwisayensi benganakwa. Isazi-mlando uMargaret Rossiter saze sawunika igama ngo-1993 -
"umphumela weMatilda." Kuwumkhuba wokungazinaki iminikelo yabesifazane kwisayensi noma ukubanika udumo kwabesilisa.
| Usosayensi | Umnikelo onganakwa |
|---|
| UNettie Stevens | Ukutholwa kwama-chromosome ocansi. |
| U-Elizabeth Bugie | Ukutholwa kanyekanye kwe-antibiotic streptomycin. |
| URosalind Franklin | Ukunikeza izithombe nedatha ebalulekile ekutholeni isakhiwo se-DNA. |
| UMildred Rebstock | Umnikelo omkhulu ocwaningweni lwemithi elwa namagciwane. |
Impilo ezinikele ekukhonzeni
Indaba kaMatidna ayipheli ocwaningweni lwakhe. Impilo yakhe yonke yayizinikele ekukhonzeni. Ngemva kokukhonza njengesithunywa sevangeli eLiberia, wabuyela eMelika wahlala eCleveland, lapho afundisa khona abahlengikazi ngokufundisa amakilasi ezindlini zangaphansi zesonto. Wenza nomunye umsebenzi womlando. Ngaleso sikhathi, isonto lakhe laliba nemingcwabo ecishe ibe kathathu ngesonto. "Sasifuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani laba bantu babefa," kubhala yena encwadini yakhe.
"Sinqume ukuhlola umfutho wegazi wabantu abangu-575 esontweni. Cishe kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala umfutho wegazi ulinganiswa ngaphandle kwehhovisi likadokotela. Ngemva kwalokho izinhlelo zokuqapha umfutho wegazi zomphakathi zasakazeka emhlabeni wonke."
Cabanga nje, uMatidna wathatha isinyathelo sokuqala ekwenzeni lokhu 'kuhlola ingcindezi' esingakwenza kalula noma kuphi namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamelana ngokuqinile nezithiyo zobandlululo ezazikhona kubahlengikazi abamnyama ngaleso sikhathi. Ekhungathekiswe ukuntuleka kokumelwa kwabamnyama kwi-American Nurses Association, wajoyina nabanye abahlengikazi abayi-14 ukusungula
i-National Black Nurses Association ngo-1971. Namuhla, le nhlangano inamalungu angaphezu kuka-300,000. UMatidna Johnson washona ngo-2003 eneminyaka engu-85 ubudala. Kodwa indaba yakhe, ukuzinikela kwakhe, kanye nenkonzo yakhe kwisayensi nasesintwini kusasifundisa isifundo esikhulu namuhla. Ngisho noma wayengumhlengikazi, waba nomthelela ongakanani emkhakheni ofana ne-microbiology? Kubonisa ukuthi akukho mingcele olwazini lwethu, ethalenteni, kanye nesithakazelo sethu.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ukutholwa kwesayensi kungavela kubantu nasezindaweni ezingalindelekile. Umhlengikazi, umlimi, noma ubani onelukuluku kanye nokubuka angashintsha umhlaba.
- Iminikelo yabesifazane kwezesayensi ivame ukunganakwa emlandweni wonke. Kubalulekile ukunikeza udumo olufanele emsebenzini wabo nokuletha izindaba zabo phambili.
- Uthando lwakho nokuzinikela kubaluleke kakhulu kuneziqu zakho zobungcweti.Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba namandla kakhulu. Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela emikhakheni ehlukene kungaletha imiphumela emangalisayo.
- Ukuhlolwa komfutho wegazi kukaMatidna kukhombisa ukuthi izinhlelo zempilo yomphakathi zibaluleke kangakanani. Ukuphuma esibhedlela uye emphakathini kanye nokunikeza izinsizakalo zezempilo kungasindisa izimpilo eziningi.
UMatilda Johnson, ama-antibiotic, umhlengikazi, isayensi, iminikelo yabesifazane, umphumela weMatilda, i-penicillin, umkhuhlane obomvu
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