Ngaba nawe ukhotyokisiwe koku? Masithethe ngomlutha!

Ngamanye amaxesha sivakalelwa kukuba, "Owu, andinakukwazi ukuyiyeka le nto," akunjalo? Isenokuba ngumkhwa ombi, okanye inokuba yinto enzulu ngakumbi, umlutha. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokuba yintoni kanye kanye, kutheni isenzeka, kunye nendlela esinokuphuma ngayo kuyo. Le yingongoma enzima kancinci, kodwa masizame ukuyigcina ilula.

Yintoni kanye kanye into yokuba likhoboka?

Ngamafutshane, umlutha kukunamathela kakhulu kwinto ethile okanye umsebenzi othile, kwaye umntu uyaqhubeka nokwenza oko ngaphandle kokulawula, nangona esazi ukuba kuya kuba nemiphumo emibi. Yimeko engapheliyo enokuchaphazela ubomi bakhe bonke . Cinga ngayo, abanye abantu bayazi ukuba oko bakwenzayo akulunganga kwaye kubenzakalisa bona nabanye, kodwa abanakuyeka baze bangene engxakini enkulu. Umlutha unokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwimpilo yakho, kubudlelwane bosapho, emsebenzini, nakwinto yonke ebomini. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna uncedo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba uqalise ukubona iimpawu zomlutha.

Ingaba esi sisifo?

Ewe, umlutha sisifo, sisifo . Ngokutsho kwe-American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), umlutha sisifo sengqondo esingapheliyo. Asikuko ukungakwazi ukuzibamba okanye ukwenza izigqibo ezingalunganga. Umlutha utshintsha ikhemikhali yengqondo yakho . Kufana naso nasiphi na esinye isifo esingapheliyo, njengesifo seswekile okanye isifo sentliziyo.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zokulutha?

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokulutha: 1. Ukulutha kwizinto ezibangela umlutha (oogqirha bakwabiza oku ngokuthi "Iingxaki Zokusebenzisa Izinto Ezibangela Umlutha"). 2. Ukulutha kwizinto ezingezizo izinto ezibangela umlutha, oko kukuthi, kwizenzo ezithile ("Ukulutha Ngokuziphatha").

Ukulutha Ziziyobisi

Oogqirha kunye noluntu lwezonyango ngoku babiza iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokuthi "Iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi." Incwadi yesikhokelo yoMbutho wezeMpilo yaseMelika ethi "DSM-5", enemigaqo ecacileyo yokuxilonga "Iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi." Ezi zinto ziziyobisi ezinokuba ngumlutha. Ezi zinokuba ziziyobisi ezigunyazisiweyo okanye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Makhe sijonge imizekelo embalwa:

• Utywala .
• I-Caffeine - Ewe, abanye abantu baxhomekeke kwi-caffeine efumaneka kwikofu nakwiti.
• Intsangu/Intsangu.
• Izinto ezibangela iingqondo ezingaqondakaliyo - Imizekelo ibandakanya i-PCP kunye ne-LSD.
• Ii-hypnotics, i-sedative kunye ne -anxiolytics - amayeza anikwa abantu abanengxaki yokulala, njenge-benzodiazepines kunye ne-barbiturates.
• Izinto zokuphefumla - ezifana nepeyinti encinci, izitshizi, iigesi ezithile, kunye nee-nitrites (ii-poppers).
• Iintlobo ze-`(ii-opioid)` ezithathwa ngomyalelo kagqirha okanye ngaphandle kwawo -Iipilisi zokubulala iintlungu ezifana neCodeine, iOxycodone , kunye neHeroin.
• Izinto ezivuselela ingqondo, nokuba zithathwa ngomyalelo kagqirha okanye ngaphandle kwawo - ezifana neAdderall ®, icocaine, kunye nemethamphetamine (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-ice).
• Icuba /I-Nicotine - Ukutshaya iicuba , ukusebenzisa iicuba ze-elektroniki (iicuba ze-elektroniki okanye i-vaping ).

Nangona ezi zinto zahlukile kakhulu kwenye kwenye, zonke zisebenza ngokuvuselela ngamandla iziko lomvuzo engqondweni yakho, zikunike umvakalelo wolonwabo nochulumanco. Iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zinokuvela xa usebenzisa ezi zinto - kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu ozenzayo. Ezi meko zinokuba buthathaka, zibe phakathi okanye zibe nzima. Umlutha lolona hlobo lunzima lweSifo sokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Umlutha Wokuziphatha

Ukulutha ngokuziphatha kunokwenzeka nangayiphi na into evuselela iziko lolonwabo lobuchopho bakho. Izazinzulu zokuziphatha zisaphanda ukufana nokwahluka phakathi kokulutha ngeziyobisi, ukulutha ngokuziphatha, kunye nezinye iimeko zokuziphatha ezinyanzelekileyo (ezifana ne-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) kunye ne-Bulimia Nervosa). Okwangoku, ukulutha ngokuziphatha okusemthethweni okwamkelweyo kwi-DSM-5 yingxaki yokungcakaza. Ikwicandelo elithi "Ukulutha Ngeziyobisi". Ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha azifakwanga kwi-DSM-5 kuba akukho phando lwaneleyo ngazo okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi okanye umkhwa uba nzima kangangokuba uphazamisane nemisebenzi yakho yemihla ngemihla, unokukhokelela kwiingxaki zengqondo, zentlalo, kunye nempilo yomzimba, kunye neengxaki zemali ngamanye amaxesha. Eminye imizekelo yemisebenzi enokuba ngumlutha:

• Ukungcakaza .
• Ukutya - Abanye abantu bakufumanisa kunzima ukulawula ukutya kwabo.
• Ukuzilolonga okanye ukunciphisa umzimba - Ubuninzi bezi zinto buyingxaki.
• Ukuthenga.
• Ubusela evenkileni okanye ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziyingozi.
• Ukulalana ngesondo.
• Ukubukela iphonografi.
• Imidlalo yevidiyo - Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-Internet Gaming Disorder.
• Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi (umz. kwifowuni yakho, kwikhompyutha) - ingakumbi kwimidiya yoluntu.

Yintoni eyona nto ixhaphakileyo xa umlutha?

E-United States, eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo yingxaki yokusebenzisa utywala. Okulandelayo yi-nicotine kunye ne-cannabis. Malunga ne-10% yabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka eli-12 ubudala banengxaki yokusebenzisa utywala. Imeko iyafana kakhulu eSri Lanka, ingakumbi ngeengxaki ezibangelwa kukusebenzisa utywala kunye necuba.

Zithini iimpawu zokulutha?

Iimpawu zokulutha ziyahluka kumntu nomntu kwaye kuxhomekeke kwinto okanye umsebenzi oxhomekeke kuwo. Nazi ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo:

• Ukungakwazi ukuyeka: Umntu usenokufuna ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iziyobisi okanye ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanelekanga, kodwa usenokungakwazi. Usenokuba uzame ukuyeka ukusebenzisa iziyobisi izihlandlo ezininzi, kodwa akaphumelelanga. Usenokuxoka kubantu abathandayo ngale nto okanye ayifihle. Umzekelo, umntu otshayayo unokucinga yonke imihla, "Andisayi kuphinda nditshaye namhlanje," kodwa emva koko aqale ukutshaya kwakhona.
• Ukunyamezelana okwandayo: Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kufuneka usebenzise kakhulu esi sixhobo okanye uchithe ixesha elingakumbi usenza ukuze ufumane ulonwabo/ ukonwaba okufanayo owawukufumana ngaphambili. Umzekelo, umntu owaneliseke ekuqaleni butywala obuncinci ekugqibeleni uya kufuna okungakumbi ukuze afumane ulonwabo olufanayo.
• Ukugxila kakhulu kwinto okanye umsebenzi: Abantu abanomlutha baxakeke kakhulu yinto okanye umsebenzi. Basenokuvakalelwa kukuba umlutha uyabalawula ubomi babo kuba bachitha uninzi losuku bewunqwenela, bezama ukuyifumana, kwaye becinga ngayo.
• Ukungakwazi ukulawula: Basenokuziva bengenakunceda kwaye bengenakulawula ukusebenzisa kwabo iziyobisi okanye izenzo zabo. Basenokuziva benetyala, bedandathekile, kwaye benomthwalo onzima ngezinto ezenzekileyo ebomini babo ngenxa yokulutha kwabo.
• Iingxaki zomntu kunye nemiba yempilo: Umlutha uchaphazela yonke into ebomini - impilo yomzimba, impilo yengqondo, ubudlelwane bomntu, umsebenzi, yonke into. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuziphatha kunokubangela ukuba umntu angakwazi ukufezekisa uxanduva lwakhe emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye ekhaya. Ngamanye amazwi, abakwazi ukuyeka, nangona besazi ukuba umlutha wabo ubangela ingozi.
• Ukurhoxa: Abantu abanengxaki yokurhoxa banokufumana iimpawu zokurhoxa engqondweni nasemzimbeni xa beyeka ukusebenzisa esi sidakamizwa. Iimpawu zomzimba zingabandakanya ukungcangcazela, ukubila, nokuhlanza. Banokufumana neempawu zengqondo ezifana nokuxhalaba kunye nokucaphuka.

Kutheni umntu ethanda ezi zinto?

Akukho sizathu sinye sokuba likhoboka - yimeko enzima kakhulu .Isizathu esiphambili sokuba likhoboka lotywala kukutshintsha kwekhemikhali yengqondo yakho.

Utshintsho lweekhemikhali engqondweni

Iziyobisi neminye imisebenzi ichaphazela ingqondo yakho, ingakumbi iziko lemivuzo . Njengabantu, ngokwebhayoloji sinomnqweno wokufuna ulonwabo nolwaneliseko. Uninzi lwexesha, olu lonwabo luvela kwizinto ezisempilweni. Xa uchitha ixesha nomntu omthandayo, okanye xa usitya isidlo esimnandi, umzimba wakho ukhupha ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-dopamine . Yile nto ikwenza uzive kamnandi. Kufana nomjikelo: Ufuna ezi zinto kuba zikwenza uzive kamnandi. Iziyobisi neminye imisebenzi (umz., ukulala nomntu, ukuchitha imali) ikwakhupha i-dopamine eninzi engqondweni yakho. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokukukhuthaza ukuba wenze izinto ofuna ukuzenza (ukutya, ukusebenza, ukuba nabantu obathandayo), la manqanaba aphezulu e-dopamine anokuba nefuthe elibi kwiingcinga zakho, iimvakalelo, kunye nokuziphatha. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiinkanuko ezingalunganga zeziyobisi okanye umsebenzi, ezinokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ulonwabo kwimisebenzi esempilweni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi zinto okanye imisebenzi zitshintsha ikhemistri yengqondo yakho. Uba ngumntu ongenamvakalelo kwimiphumo yazo. Emva koko, udinga ezininzi zazo ukuze ufumane ulonwabo olufanayo owawunalo ngaphambili. Kwezinye izinto, ezinje ngee-opioids, iimpawu zokurhoxa zinzima kangangokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uqhubeke uzisebenzisa.

Ezinye izizathu

Kukho ezinye izizathu ezininzi ezibangela ukuba umntu abe likhoboka:

• I-Genetics: Uphando lubonise ukuba phakathi kwama-40% nama-60% omngcipheko wokufumana nayiphi na ingxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi ubangelwa zizinto ze-genetic. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba umntu kusapho lwakho (umnakwenu, udadewenu, umzali) unale meko, usemngciphekweni omkhulu kancinci. Izazinzulu zisazama ukuchonga ii-gene ezithile ezinegalelo kule ngozi.
• Iimeko zempilo yengqondo: Kukho unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kokulutha kunye neemeko zempilo yengqondo (umz., ukudakumba, isifo soxinzelelo emva kwesiganeko esibuhlungu, isifo sengqondo esiguquguqukayo). Malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abaneengxaki zempilo yengqondo nabo banengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abaneengxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi nabo banengxaki yempilo yengqondo.
• Izinto ezichaphazela imeko-bume: Ukufikeleleka lula kwizinto ezinobungozi kuyingozi kakhulu kwimeko-bume. Ukuba namalungu osapho okanye abahlobo abasebenzisa iziyobisi, okanye ukumiselwa amayeza angasetyenziswa gwenxa (umz., ii-opioids, izikhuthazi), kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokuchatshazelwa nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobungozi.Amava amabi obuntwana (ii-ACE) nawo adlala indima enkulu apha. Ii-ACE ziziganeko ezibangela uxinzelelo okanye ezibuhlungu ezenzeka ebuntwaneni. Ezi zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu neengxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo, kubandakanya umlutha, onokuvela ebomini bomntu.

Uyazi njani ukuba unesifo sokulutha? (Ukuxilongwa)

Ukuze ufumanise ukuba unengxaki yokulutha, ugqirha wakho unokukuthumela kwingcali yezifo zengqondo, kwingcali yezengqondo, okanye kumcebisi weziyobisi notywala. Ugqirha wakho uza kukubuza imibuzo (mhlawumbi nosapho lwakho) malunga neendlela zakho zokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha okunengxaki. Ugqirha usenokufuna ukwenza uvavanyo lomzimba kwaye angayalela uvavanyo lwegazi nomchamo. Olu vavanyo lubonelela ngolwazi malunga nempilo yakho iyonke. Lunokukunceda ukufumanisa ukuba unayo na imeko yempilo engabonakaliyo.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango zokulutha?

Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa indibaniselwano yonyango, olunokuquka:

• Ulawulo lwesibhedlele: Iimpawu zokurhoxa ezithi zenzeke xa uyeka ukusebenzisa izinto ezithile zinokuba yingozi. Uza kuhlolwa kwaye unyangwe kwiiyunithi ezikhethekileyo zesibhedlele ukuze kukuncede uphile kwezi mpawu.
• Amayeza: Amanye amayeza anokunciphisa iminqweno, iminqweno, kunye neempawu zokurhoxa eziqhubekayo. Ukuba unenye ingxaki yengqondo (umz., i-bipolar disorder, ukudakumba), ugqirha wakho unokubanyanga abo ngamayeza.
• Ukuvuselelwa/Ukuvuselelwa: Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba "kukuphila ubomi obungenaxhala" okanye "unyango lokuhlala." Amaziko okuvuselelwa abonelela ngengcebiso ecwangcisiweyo, imfundo, inkxaso, kunye nokhuthazo. Unokufumana unyango ngokuhlala kwiziko lokuvuselela (ukuvuselelwa kwezigulane ezilaliswe ngaphakathi) okanye ngokuya kwiiseshoni ezicwangcisiweyo (ukuvuselelwa kwezigulane ezingalaliswanga). Iinkonzo zokuvuselela zigxila kakhulu ekukuncedeni ukulawula umlutha wakho kwaye uphile ubomi obusempilweni ixesha elide.
• Ingcebiso kunye noNyango: Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango zinokunceda abantu abanengxaki yokulutha bafumane umbono omtsha kwaye batshintshe indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa unyango lwengqondo (unyango lokuthetha), olufana nonyango lokuziphatha kwengqondo (CBT) okanye unyango lwamaqela.
• Amaqela enkxaso:Abantu abaninzi bayakwazi ukulawula umlutha wabo ngoncedo lweqela lenkxaso. Umzekelo, i-Alcoholics Anonymous okanye i-Narcotics Anonymous. Amaqela afana ne-Al-Anon anika inkxaso kwiintsapho nakubahlobo babantu abaneengxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi. La maqela anika abantu ithuba lokwabelana ngamava abo nokufumana inkxaso eqhubekayo.

Luhlobo luni lobomi onokubuphila ukuba uyachacha kwingxaki yokulutha? (Outlook)

Ngonyango, abantu abaninzi bayakwazi ukulawula umlutha wabo baze baphile ubomi obupheleleyo nobunempilo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchacha kwiingxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nomlutha wokuziphatha akulula . Abahlobo abaxhasayo, usapho, kunye noogqirha badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni olu nyango luphumelele.

Ngaphandle konyango, umlutha ungakhokelela kwiingxaki ezinkulu zempilo kwanokufa. Ungatshabalalisa ubudlelwane bomntu, ubangele ubunzima bezemali, kwaye ukhokelele kwiingxaki zomthetho. Umlutha onganyangwanga ungalimaza neentsapho, kwaye iziphumo zawo zingahlala izizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Ngaba zikho izinto esinokuzenza ukuze sithintele umlutha?

Kukho izinto ezininzi onokuzenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba likhoboka:

• Kuphephe okanye kunciphise ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibangela umlutha: Kuphephe okanye kunciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza angagunyaziswanga ngugqirha. Landela imiyalelo kagqirha wakho rhoqo xa usebenzisa amayeza angagunyaziswa ngugqirha. Ukuba ucinga ukuba unokuba likhoboka lamayeza angagunyaziswa ngugqirha, xelela ugqirha wakho ngoko nangoko.
• Yazi imbali yosapho lwakho: Ukuba umntu kusapho lwakho ukhe waba nengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi okanye umlutha wokuziphatha, usenokuba sengozini enkulu. Thetha nogqirha wakho ngeendlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho.
• Ukulawula uxinzelelo ngendlela esempilweni: Umngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi uyanda kakhulu ngamaxesha oxinzelelo kunye notshintsho lobomi. Kubalulekile ukufumana iindlela eziphilileyo zokujongana nale meko (umz., ukuzilolonga, ukucamngca, ukuthatha into entsha oyithandayo). Ukuba unengxaki yokulawula uxinzelelo, cinga ngokubona umcebisi wezempilo yengqondo .

Ungamnceda njani umntu onengxaki yokulutha?

Ukufumanisa ukuba umntu omthandayo unengxaki yokuziphatha okanye yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunokuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kubangele uxinzelelo. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokunceda umntu omthandayo kunye nawe:

• Thetha kwangethuba: Okukhona umntu onomlutha efumana unyango ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona kungcono. Veza iinkxalabo zakho kwaye umncede afumane unyango ngokukhawuleza. Fowunela umnxeba woncedo, thetha nogqirha okanye umcebisi wezempilo yengqondo , cebisa ukuba abhalise kwinkqubo yonyango, okanye aye kwinkqubo yamanyathelo ali-12. Nika uncedo lwakho kunye nenkxaso ngaphandle kokugweba.
• Ziqhelise ukuba novelwano: Nokuba awuvumelani nomntu omthandayo, mamela ngononophelo oko akutshoyo. Okukhona umntu omthandayo eziva ngathi unomntu omqondayo, kokukhona amathuba okukubona njengomntu anokumthemba.
• Yiba nomonde: Musa ukulindela ukuba umlutha womntu omthandayo unyangeke ngencoko enye okanye isenzo esinye. Iingxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nomlutha wokuziphatha ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziimeko ezingapheliyo, kwaye akukho zilungiso zikhawulezileyo.
• Cinga ngawe nawe: Abahlobo kunye nosapho lwabantu abanengxaki yokulutha badla ngokuba noxinzelelo, ukudakumba, usizi, kunye nokuba bodwa. Kubalulekile ukucinga ngempilo yakho yengqondo kwaye ufune uncedo ukuba unale mpawu. Cinga ngokujoyina iqela lenkxaso okanye umbutho kuluntu lwakho.

Ngaba udinga ukubona ugqirha?

Ukulutha sisifo esinzulu. Ukuba ucinga ukuba wena okanye umntu omkhathaleleyo unokuba nomlutha, thetha nogqirha ngokukhawuleza. Amaqela onyango kunye nenkxaso akhona ukunceda.

Okokugqibela, khumbula oku (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngoko ke, ukuqukumbela, ukuba likhoboka akusisifo, akusibo ubuthathaka bengqondo okanye isiphene sobuntu. Kunokwenzeka nakubani na, njengesifo seswekile okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba kunokoyiswa. Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo unengxaki yesi sifo, awuwedwa. Musa ukoyika ukucela uncedo, musa ukuba neentloni. Thetha nogqirha, umcebisi, okanye umntu omdala othembekileyo. Ngonyango olufanelekileyo kunye nenkxaso, izigidi zabantu ziye zoyisa ezi ziyobisi kwaye ziphila ubomi obonwabisayo nobunempilo. Uhambo lunokuba nzima, kwaye kuya kubakho iingxaki endleleni, kodwa ungayeki. Ngokuqinisekileyo ungakoyisa oku. ` Ukulutha, Ukulutha, Iziyobisi, Utywala, Ukungcakaza, Unyango, Impilo Yengqondo