Kutheni umhlaza usenzeka?

Igama elithi umhlaza liloyikisa abantu abaninzi kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Kodwa asiyonto ingaqondakaliyo. Umhlaza sisiphumo seenkqubo ezithile ezingaqhelekanga ezenzeka kwisixeko esikhulu esibizwa ngokuba yimizimba yethu. Kweli nqaku, siza kubona indlela imithetho yemizi yethu ephulwa ngayo kwaye kwenzeka imeko yomhlaza.

Umzimba wethu ufana nesixeko esithobela umthetho!

Okokuqala, masijonge imizimba yethu ngokungathi sisixeko esilawulwa kakuhle nesithobela umthetho.

Abemi besixeko: Iiseli

Izigidi zabemi abahlala kwesi sixeko zibizwa ngokuba ziiseli. Nganye kwezi seli inomsebenzi othile ewunikiweyo. Kwaye kukho umyalelo, umthetho, ekufuneka basebenze ngawo: ukuba bakhule nini, ukuba benze nini abemi abatsha (iiseli ezintsha) (iCandelo leeSeli), ukuba bathathe umhlala-phantsi nini emva kokugqiba ubomi babo benkonzo (Ukufa kweeSeli okuCwangcisiweyo - i-Apoptosis). Konke oku kwenzeka ngokwesicwangciso esimiselweyo.

Incwadi yemithetho yesixeko: i-DNA

I-DNA yincwadi enkulu yemithetho echaza indlela esi sixeko siphela esisebenza ngayo, into ekufuneka yenziwe ngummi ngamnye (iseli) kunye nento angafanele ayenze. Iseli nganye isebenza ngokwemiyalelo ekule ncwadi ye-DNA.

Iimpazamo kwiNcwadi yeMithetho: Utshintsho

Kodwa, ngamanye amaxesha iimpazamo zinokwenzeka kule ncwadi inkulu yemithetho. Njengonobumba okanye igama elisencwadini eliphoswayo. Ezi mpazamo kule ncwadi yemithetho ye-DNA sizibiza ngokuba "ziinguqu."

Zenzeka Njani Ezi Zimpazamo?

Kukho izizathu ezibini eziphambili zokuba le ncwadi yemithetho iphosakele:

1. Iimpazamo ezizenzekelayo: Xa kudalwa abemi abatsha (iiseli) kwisixeko, iimpazamo ezincinci zinokwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo xa kukhutshelwa incwadi yemithetho (i-DNA).
2. Iimpembelelo zangaphandle ( iiCarcinogens ): Ezinye izinto zangaphandle zingonakalisa le ncwadi yemithetho. Njengokuwa kwe-inki, ukutsha kwamaphepha, kunye nokuphela koonobumba. Izinto zangaphandle ezonakalisa le ncwadi yemithetho sizibiza ngokuba " ziiCarcinogens ." (Siza kuthetha ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha kamva.)

Amapolisa aseSixeko: Iindlela zokulungisa i-DNA

Ngethamsanqa, isixeko sethu sineqela lamapolisa anetalente (iigenes ezinxulumene ne-DNA Repair Mechanisms). Umsebenzi wabo kukufumana nokulungisa iimpazamo kwincwadi yomthetho (i-DNA) kwangoko nje ukuba zenzeke. Uninzi lwexesha, la mapolisa ayazilungisa ezo mpazamo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba inani leempazamo liyakhula, okanye ukuba amapolisa (iigenes zokulungisa) ngokwawo zonakele, ezi mpazamo azinakulungiswa.

Indlela Uvukelo Olubangelwa YiCancer Oluqala Ngayo

Kulapho ingxaki iqala khona. Njengoko utshintsho olukwincwadi yemithetho luqokelelana, kwaye imithetho emibini ebalulekileyo yokulawula isixeko iphulwa, abanye abemi (iiseli) baqala ukuvukela.

Ukwaphula Imithetho Emibini Ebalulekileyo

Imithetho emibini ephambili eyaphuliweyo yile:

1. Umthetho olawula isignali yokuqalisa ukwakhiwa (ukwahlulwa kweeseli).
2. Umthetho uyakwalela ukwakhiwa okungeyomfuneko okanye okungafanelekanga.

"Musa ukuyeka ukwakha!" Ukuxinana kwesignali (ii-Oncogenes)

Kukho igosa lesixeko elinika isignali "yokuqala ukwakha" (qala ulwahlulo lweeseli) (iijini eziqhelekileyo zezi ziiproto-oncogenes). Ngenxa yempazamo kwincwadi yemithetho ye-DNA, isignali yegosa iyavalwa, kwaye iqhubeka ikhwaza ithi "Qala ukwakha! Yakha okungakumbi! Yakha okungakumbi!" (ezi jini zineempazamo zii-oncogenes). Kufana nokunyathela i-accelerator yemoto ize ibambeke! Ngoko ke iiseli ziqala ukwahlukana ngaphandle kokuma.

Ukwaphula isignali ethi "Yeka ulwakhiwo olungalunganga!" (IiGene zokunciphisa iTumor)

Kwakhona, xa kwakhiwa izakhiwo ngokungeyomfuneko esixekweni, kukho elinye igosa elithi "Yekani!", lithumele amaqela okulungisa (i-DNA Repair) ukuba kukho naziphi na iimpazamo ekwakhiweni, kwaye ukuba akunakwenzeka, liyalela ukuba kudilizwe isakhiwo esenza iimpazamo ( i-Apoptosis - ukufa kweeseli) (iijini ezinxulumene noku yi-Tumor Suppressor Genes ). Ngenxa yezo mpazamo ze-DNA, isignali yale gosa ethi "Yekani!" iyeka ukusebenza. Kanye njengokuba iibhuleki emotweni ziyeka ukusebenza xa sele zindala!

Isiphumo seeseli eziphula imithetho: IiTumors ezinesifo somhlaza

Khawucinge nje, kwenzeka ntoni xa i-accelerator ibambeka kwaye iibhuleki ziyeka ukusebenza?

Izakhiwo Ezingavumelekanga Ezingalawulwayo

• Abemi (iiseli) bayaqhubeka nokuhlukana ngaphandle kokuyeka, bephula imithetho.
• Nokuba ayilunganga, ayizukulungiswa.
• Ziyaqhubeka zikhona ngaphandle kokurhoxa (ukufa - i-apoptosis) ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ezi ziqwenga zeeseli ezaphula imithetho kwaye zahlukane kwaye zikhule kunye ngendlela engeyomfuneko zezo sizibiza ngokuba "zii-tumors." Zifana nezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphandle kwemvume kwisixeko.

Iithumba ezingalunganga nezimbi

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zezi zakhiwo zingagunyaziswanga (iithumba):

• Iintsholongwane ezingezizo ezomzimba: Abo baphula umthetho kwindawo enye: Aba bafana nabo baphula umthetho baze bakhe isakhiwo esincinci esingekho mthethweni kwindawo enye. Sihlala apho sakhiwe khona, kwaye asisasazeki nakwezinye izixeko. Kodwa kuxhomekeke ekubeni sikuphi (njengokuvala indlela), sinokuba yingxaki kancinci.
• Iintsholongwane Ezinobungozi: Abavukeli abaphazamisa isixeko: Aba ngabantu abayingozi kakhulu! Abapheleli nje ekwakheni okungekho mthethweni. Bakwadiliza iindonga zomhlaba wabo (ukuhlasela) baze batsibele kumhlaba abawuhlalayo.

Ukusasazeka kovukelo: Ukuhlasela kunye nokusasazeka kweMetastasis

Ezi thumba zinobungozi azipheleli apho.

Ukoyisa imihlaba ehlalwe ngabantu: Ukuhlasela

Ezo seli zabavukeli (Iiseli zomhlaza ziphula imida yendawo ezivela kuyo (izitho zomzimba) zize zihlasele izicwili eziphilileyo kunye nomhlaba ojikelezileyo (ukuhlasela).

Iikoloni ezintsha kwizixeko ezikude: I-Metastasis

Okuyingozi nangakumbi kukuba, ezi seli zivukelayo zihamba kwiindlela eziphambili zesixeko (imithambo yegazi) kunye neendlela ezisecaleni (imithambo ye-lymphatic), kwaye zide zihambe ziye kwiindawo ezikude zesixeko (ezinye izitho zomzimba - imiphunga, isibindi , ubuchopho, njl.njl.), apho ziseka khona iikholoni ezintsha ezingekho mthethweni (iithumba zesibini okanye ii-metastases). Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"metastasis". Eli lelona nqanaba liyingozi kakhulu lomhlaza.

Izinto Zangaphandle Ezichaphazela Umngcipheko Womhlaza

Ngoku makhe sijonge izinto zangaphandle (izinto ezibangela umhlaza) ezonakalisa incwadi yemithetho (i-DNA) esithethe ngayo ngaphambili. Ezi zezona zinyusa umngcipheko womhlaza.

Izinto Ezonakalisa Incwadi Yomthetho Yesixeko

• Icuba: Njengokutshisa incwadi yomthetho: Icuba, i-beedi, umsi wecuba, kunye necuba elihlafunwayo (ngamanye amaxesha kunye ne-betel) ziintshaba ezinkulu eziyonakalisa kakhulu incwadi yomthetho (i-DNA). Le yimbangela yemihlaza emininzi efana nemiphunga, umlomo, nomqala.
• Utywala: Njengesithintelo ekunyanzelisweni komthetho: Ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo akonakalisanga umthetho ngokungangqalanga, kodwa kuphazamisa neendlela zokuzilungisa zomzimba. Kunyusa umngcipheko wemihlaza efana nesibindi, umphimbo, kunye nebele.
• Ukutya Okungafanelekanga Nokutyeba Kakhulu : Njengokwenza buthathaka iziseko zesixeko: ukutya okunefayibha encinci, okucutshungulweyo nokunamafutha amaninzi/iswekile, ukunqongophala kweziqhamo nemifuno, kunye nokutyeba kakhulu kuchaphazela impilo iyonke yesixeko kunye nokuzinza kwencwadi yemithetho, okwandisa umngcipheko weentlobo ezithile zomhlaza (umz. umhlaza wamathumbu).
• Imisebe kunye neekhemikhali: Njengokucima oonobumba kwincwadi yomthetho: Imisebe yelanga ebukhali ye-ultraviolet (imisebe ye-UV), imisebe efana nee-X-ray, kunye neekhemikhali ezithile ezifana ne-asbestos kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane zingonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo oonobumba abakwincwadi yomthetho (i-DNA).
• Iintsholongwane: Njengeentshaba ezingena esixekweni:Ezinye iintsholongwane [umz., i-human papillomavirus (HPV), i-hepatitis B kunye ne-C] kunye neebhaktheriya [umz., i-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)] zinokungena esixekweni, zibe nefuthe kwincwadi yemithetho, kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha zibe negalelo ekuqhambukeni komhlaza.

Isiphelo: Ukuqonda umhlaza kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko

Ngoko ke, umhlaza awuyonto eyenzeka ngobusuku obunye. Ngumphumo womonakalo (utshintsho) kwi-DNA, incwadi yemithetho yesixeko sethu, ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo (imikhwa yethu, indawo esingqongileyo, mhlawumbi ilifa), kwaye ulawulo lwesixeko (ulawulo lokukhula kweeseli kunye nokufa) luyawohloka. I-accelerator iyabambeka, iibhuleki ziyaphuka, kwaye abemi abaphula umthetho (iiseli) benza izinto ngendlela engalawulekiyo, bahlasela isixeko sonke.

Xa uyiqonda le bali, kuyacaca ukuba kubalulekile ukukhusela incwadi yethu yemithetho (i-DNA) ngokuphepha izinto ezibangela umhlaza (icuba, utywala obungeyomfuneko, ukutya okungenampilo) nokuphila ubomi obusempilweni (ukutya okulungileyo, ukuzilolonga). Kwakhona, ukubonwa kwangethuba kwabo baphula imithetho (iiseli zomhlaza) xa kuvela ingxaki (iimpawu) okanye ngovavanyo kuya kunceda ukunqanda olu vukelo ngaphambi kokuba lusasazeke kwihlabathi liphela.