Sonke sinemibala yesikhumba ehlukene, imibala yezinwele, nemibala yamehlo, akunjalo? Eminye imhlophe kakhulu, eminye imhlophe, kanti eminye inesikhumba esimnyama. Kunjalo nangezinwele, ezinemibala emnyama nensundu. Cabanga nje, ubani oyimfihlo onezela lo mbala omuhle ekubukekeni kwethu? Lowo oyimfihlo yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-melanin . Namuhla, ake sixoxe nge-melanin, njengokungathi sikhuluma nomngane.
Kalula nje, iyini i-melanin?
I-Melanin iyi-pigment yemvelo ekhiqizwa yimizimba yethu. Njengoba nje sisebenzisa upende lapho sipenda, imizimba yethu isebenzisa le-pigment ebizwa ngokuthi i-melanin ukuze inike isikhumba sethu, izinwele, namehlo imibala yazo ehlukile. Iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe nge-amino acid ebizwa ngokuthi `(Tyrosine)`. Kodwa ungavumeli amagama anjalo akudide. Khumbula nje, i-melanin iwumbala wemvelo wemizimba yethu .
I-melanin ikhiqizwa kuphi emzimbeni wethu?
I-Melanin ikhiqizwa ohlotsheni olukhethekile lweseli olubizwa ngokuthi ama-melanocytes . Siphinde sibize lezi ngokuthi "izimboni ezincane ze-melanin." Lezi zimboni zitholakala ezindaweni eziningana emzimbeni wethu.
- Ezinweleni zakho.
- Engqimbeni ejulile yesikhumba sakho.
- Ezindaweni ezifana nenhlamvu yeso lakho kanye neqoqo lezinkanyezi.
- Ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho bakho (`Substantia nigra` kanye ne`locus coeruleus`).
- Kwezinye izingxenye zezindlala zethu ze-adrenal.
- Kwezinye izingxenye zendlebe yangaphakathi.
Zingaki izinhlobo ze-melanin ezikhona?
Yebo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-melanin. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenza okuthile okuhlukile emzimbeni wethu. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini.
| Uhlobo lwe-Melanin | Kwenzekani kuyo? |
|---|---|
| I-Eumelanin | Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zalokhu, okumnyama nokunsundu. Kubangela imibala emnyama yesikhumba sethu, izinwele, namehlo. Abantu abanezinwele ezimnyama noma ezinsundu banezinhlobo zombili ngobuningi obuhlukahlukene. Uma kungekho i-eumelanin emnyama, kodwa kungekho i-eumelanin encane ensundu, izinwele zomuntu ziba nsundu. |
| I-Pheomelanin | Lolu hlobo yilona olunikeza izindebe zakho, izingono, nezindawo ezipinki zomzimba wakho umbala wazo. Abantu abanenani elilinganayo le-eumelanin ne-pheomelanin bangase babe nezinwele ezibomvu. |
| I-Neuromelanin | Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili, lena ayifaki umbala kulokho esikubonayo ngamehlo ethu. I-Neuromelanin inikeza umbala kuma-neurons, noma amangqamuzana ezinzwa, ebuchosheni bethu. |
I-melanin ithinta kanjani umehluko wombala wesikhumba?
Leli iqiniso elithakazelisayo kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, sonke sinenani elifanayo lamafektri akhiqiza i-melanin, noma ama-melanocyte, emizimbeni yethu. Kodwa-ke, inani le-melanin elikhiqizwa yilawo maseli liyahlukahluka kumuntu nomuntu.
Kalula nje, uma amangqamuzana akho e-melanocyte enza i-melanin eningi, isikhumba sakho, izinwele, namehlo kuzoba mnyama. Uma lawo maseli enza i-melanin encane, isikhumba sakho, izinwele, namehlo kuzoba mhlophe. Amabala esikhumbeni sethu (ama-freckles) angamaqoqo nje amangqamuzana e-melanocyte aqoqene endaweni eyodwa futhi akhiqiza i-melanin eyengeziwe.
Lokho kusho ukuthi, umbala wesikhumba uyisilinganiso senani le-melanin elikhiqizwa emzimbeni wethu, hhayi okunye.
Indlela i-melanin esiza ngayo ukuvikela isikhumba sethu elangeni
I-Melanin akuyona nje into esinika umbala. Iyisivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu. Uma uphuma elangeni, umzimba wakho uqala ukukhiqiza i-melanin eyengeziwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi uma uphuma elangeni, isikhumba sakho siba mnyama kancane. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-melanin kuyanda.
Le melanin eningi isebenza njengesambulela semvelo, imunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV) eyingozi evela elangeni. Lokhu kuvimbela leyo misebe eyingozi ukuthi ingangeni ijule esikhumbeni sethu futhi yonakalise amangqamuzana. Kuvikela ngisho nolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo olungaphakathi kwamangqamuzana ethu.
Kodwa khumbula lokhu! Lokhu kuvikelwa kwemvelo ku-melanin kuphela akwanele ukuvikela isikhumba sethu ngokuphelele elangeni. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala wesikhumba sakho unjani, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isithako esihle sokuvikela ilanga njalo uma uphuma ngaphandle.
Yiziphi ezinye izinzuzo esizitholayo nge-melanin?
Ngaphandle kokusivikela elangeni, i-melanin inezinye izinzuzo kithi.
- Ukuvikelwa ku-ROS: Uma amangqamuzana ethu esebenza, akhiqiza imikhiqizo eyingozi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Reactive Oxygen Species - ROS". Uma lokhu kuqongelela emaseli ethu, kungabangela ukuba siguge ngaphambi kwesikhathi, sibe nezifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela, nomdlavuza. I-Melanin isebenza ngokubamba nokubhubhisa la ma-ROS ayingozi.
- Ukusekela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela: Ezinye izifundo zithole ukuthi i-melanin ingasiza isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela futhi inciphise ukuvuvukala emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, kwenziwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalokhu.
Izifo ezibangelwa ukuguquguquka kokukhiqizwa kwe-melanin
Ngezinye izikhathi, izimo ezahlukene zezokwelapha zingavela ngenxa yokwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-melanin emzimbeni wethu noma izinguquko ezithile kuwo. Ake sibheke ezinye zezimo ezinjalo.
| Ukugula | Incazelo nje |
|---|---|
| I-Vitiligo | Kulesi simo, amasosha omzimba wethu abhubhisa amangqamuzana e-melanocyte akhiqiza i-melanin. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi isikhumba silahlekelwe umbala waso futhi kuvele amabala amhlophe. Nakuba lokhu kungenzeka kunoma ubani, lawa mabala abonakala kakhulu kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama. |
| Ubu-Albinism | Isimo esingavamile esibangelwa ukuthi umzimba ukhiqiza i-melanin encane kakhulu. Laba bantu banesikhumba esikhanyayo kakhulu, izinwele ezimhlophe, namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Basengozini enkulu yokukhubazeka kokubona kanye nokulimala kwelanga. |
| I-Melasma | Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kuvela amabala ansundu noma ampunga-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebusweni noma ezandleni. Izinguquko zama-hormone, ukuchayeka elangeni, kanye namaphilisi okuvimbela inzalo kungabangela lokhu. Uma unezindawo ezinjengalezi, kungcono ukubona udokotela ukuze uthole iseluleko. |
| Ukulahlekelwa umbala ngemva kokulimala kwesikhumba | Uma isikhumba sakho singenwa yigciwane, sishile, noma siqhuma amabala, ngezinye izikhathi umzimba ungase ungakwazi ukukhiqiza i-melanin futhi endaweni eyonakele. |
| Ukukhubazeka kokuzwa | Njengoba i-melanin ikhona nasendlebeni yethu yangaphakathi, kutholakale ukuthi abantu abane-melanin ephansi basengozini enkulu yezinkinga zokuzwa. |
| Isifo sikaParkinson | Njengoba sikhula, i-neuromelanin ebuchosheni bethu iyanda. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abanesifo sikaParkinson, leli nani le-neuromelanin liyancipha njengoba amangqamuzana obuchopho efa. |
Kwenzekani uma kukhona i-melanin eningi emzimbeni?
Abanye abantu bakhiqiza i-melanin eningi kakhulu emizimbeni yabo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-hyperpigmentation . Lokhu ngokuvamile akuyona inkinga eyingozi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ezinye izindawo zesikhumba ziba mnyama kunesikhumba esizungezile.
Ingabe zikhona izindlela zokwandisa amazinga e-melanin?
Nakuba kunemikhiqizo emakethe ethi yandisa i-melanin, abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokusebenza kwayo. Ngakho-ke ungakhohliswa yizinto ezinjalo. Futhi, abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi ukushiswa kwesikhumba kungandisa i-melanin. Lowo ngumbono ongalungile futhi oyingozi. Ukushiswa kwesikhumba kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba.
Ingabe i-Melanin ne-Melatonin zizinto ezimbili ezihlukene?
Yebo, lawa magama amabili ahluke ngokuphelele. Nakuba la magama amabili ezwakala efana, imisebenzi yawo ihluke kakhulu.
- I-Melanin iyi -pigment enikeza umbala esikhumbeni nasezinweleni zethu.
- I-Melatonin iyi -hormone elawula umjikelezo wethu wokulala nokuvuka.
Ingabe abantu abane-melanin eningi esikhumbeni sabo bangaba nokuntuleka kwe-vitamin D?
Lona futhi umbuzo obalulekile. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi abantu abanesikhumba esimnyama banamathuba amaningi okuthola ukuntuleka kwevithamini D kunalabo abanesikhumba esikhanyayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-melanin eningi imunca imisebe ye-UV edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ivithamini D. Kunezifundo ezisekela lokhu, kodwa kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalokhu. Uma unokungabaza ngalokhu, kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ukuze uthole iseluleko.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-Melanin iyi-pigment yemvelo enikeza umbala esikhumbeni, ezinweleni nasemehlweni ethu.
- Nakuba kusinikeza isivikelo selanga semvelo, akwanele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala wesikhumba sakho unjani, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isithako esihle sokuvikela ilanga uma uphuma elangeni.
- Amazinga e-melanin aphansi noma aphezulu kakhulu angase ahlotshaniswe nezimo ezithile zezokwelapha.
- Uma ubona ushintsho olusha embala wesikhumba sakho (njengamabala amhlophe, amabala amnyama), kuwukuhlakanipha ukungesabi bese ubona udokotela ukuze ukhulume ngakho.
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