Sonke siye sasebenzisa i-antibiotic ngaxa lithile ebomini bethu, akunjalo? Xa sifumana usulelo lwebhaktheriya, ipilisi encinci esinikwa ngugqirha iyamangalisa ngokwenene. Kodwa bangaphi kuthi abaziyo amabali angasemva kwala mayeza asindisa ubomi? Nangona amanye amabali ebhalwe ngoonobumba begolide kwimbali, amabali amanye amaqhawe namaqhawekazi agutyungelwe yintlabathi yexesha. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngomnye wabalinganiswa abafihlakeleyo, kodwa ababaluleke kakhulu. Igama lakhe nguMattiedna Johnson.
Ngubani lo Matilda Johnson?
UMatilda Johnson akangososayensi wezinto eziphilayo, ungumhlengikazi. Kodwa oko akuzange kumthintele ekuncedeni kugqatso lokufumana amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane aza kusindisa izigidi zabantu. Wazalelwa ngo-1918 kusapho lwabalimi oluhlwempuzekileyo eMississippi, uMatilda wayenobuchule kakhulu ekufundeni. Wagqiba kwindawo yesibini esikolweni, kamva waphumelela kwisikolo sabahlengikazi waza wajoyina umsebenzi njengomongikazi obhalisiweyo. Ngelo xesha, oko kukuthi, ngeminyaka yoo-1930 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1940, isifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-'scarlet fever' sasisasazeka kakhulu eMelika. Sasichaphazela kakhulu abantwana abancinci. Ngaloo mihla, ngaphandle kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, malunga nama-20% abantwana abafumana esi sifo bafa. Khawuthelekelele indlela okwakusoyikisa ngayo oko. Ngenye imini, kwigumbi elalibekelwe ecaleni izigulana ezine-scarlet fever esibhedlele apho uMatilda wayesebenza khona, usana oluncinci lwafela ezandleni zakhe. Wayengenakuze alibale esi siganeko.
Isifo esingapheliyo kunye nokukhanya kwethemba
Ngo-1944, njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yayisondela, iinkampani zamayeza zazizama ukuphuhlisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane afana nepenicillin. ISebe leMfazwe lase-US lalibhengeze ukuveliswa kwepenicillin njengento ephambili. Kwakungelo xesha apho wabona intengiso kwiphephandaba iMatidna waza wafaka isicelo sokujoyina le projekthi yophando. U-CM Christensen, uprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota, wamqesha. Ekhulela efama, amava akhe okwenza ijeli, ibhotolo, kunye nesepha ayeluncedo kakhulu kwinkqubo yesayensi yokwahlula ii-mold. Wayesebenza ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-mold. Kodwa umdla wakhe okhethekileyo wawugxile kwi-mold awayifumana kwisuphu yetumato. Wazisa le mold kwibhaktheriya ebangela i-scarlet fever. Iziphumo zaba yimpumelelo enkulu.
Xa ejongwa ngemicroscope, la maxolo omngundo ayebonakala kuye “njengeqela leempuku ezirhabaxa ezijikeleza indlu, zisitya yonke into.”
Wanika abaphathi bakhe ezi sampuli, kodwa akafumana mpendulo. Ngo-1946, wawushiya loo msebenzi ukuze aye kumsebenzi wobuvangeli eLiberia. Ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi, isifo esoyikekayo i-scarlet fever sasisele sinyangeka lula ngenxa yamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.
Ukungabi nantlonipho? "Isiphumo seMatilda"
Kwaba semva kwexesha apho uMatidna wafumanisa ukuba uPfizer wayefake ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1949 leyeza i-oxytetracycline phantsi kwegama lorhwebo iTerramycin. Nangona yayingelona unyango lulungileyo lwe-scarlet fever, iseliyeza elinamandla kakhulu elisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
Umbuzo ngulo: ingaba eli yeza lenziwe ngesikhunta iMatidna esifumaneka kwisuphu yetumato? UMatidna wayekholelwa njalo. Ezinye iingcali namhlanje zithi akazange anikwe udumo ngokufumana kwakhe. Wayekholelwa nokuba eli yeza labizwa ngokuba yiTerramycin ngenxa yenkcazo yakhe "yeempuku ezimbi." Kodwa uPfizer uyavuma kuphela ukuba iMatidna yayiyinxalenye yeprojekthi yepenicillin. Ilungelo labo lobunikazi lanikwa amadoda amathathu. Oku akusiyo uMatilda kuphela. Kuyo yonke imbali, kukho amaxesha amaninzi apho abafazi abenze igalelo elikhulu kwisayensi baye banganakwa. Isazi-mbali uMargaret Rossiter wade walinika igama ngo-1993 -
"isiphumo seMatilda." Lutyekelo lokungawunaki igalelo labasetyhini kwisayensi okanye ukubanika udumo kumadoda.
| Isazinzulu | Igalelo elingahoywanga |
|---|
| UNettie Stevens | Ukufunyanwa kwee-chromosomes zesini. |
| UElizabeth Bugie | Ukufunyanwa ngaxeshanye kwe-antibiotic streptomycin. |
| URosalind Franklin | Ukubonelela ngemifanekiso kunye nedatha ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni ulwakhiwo lwe-DNA. |
| UMildred Rebstock | Igalelo elikhulu kuphando lwe-antibiotics. |
Ubomi obuzinikele ekukhonzeni
Ibali likaMatidna alipheli ngophando lwakhe. Ubomi bakhe bonke babuzinikele ekukhonzeni. Emva kokuba ekhonze njengomvangeli eLiberia, wabuyela eMelika waza wahlala eCleveland, apho wayefundisa khona abahlengikazi ngokufundisa iiklasi ezikwiigumbi ezingaphantsi kwecawa. Wenza nomnye umsebenzi wembali. Ngelo xesha, icawa yakhe yayibamba imingcwabo emalunga nesithathu ngeveki. "Sasifuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni aba bantu besifa," ubhala kwincwadi yakhe.
"Sigqibe ekubeni sijonge uxinzelelo lwegazi lwabantu abangama-575 ecaweni. Mhlawumbi yayilixesha lokuqala ukuba uxinzelelo lwegazi lulinganiswe ngaphandle kweofisi kagqirha. Emva koko ke iinkqubo zokujonga uxinzelelo lwegazi kuluntu zasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela."
Khawuthelekelele, uMatidna wathabatha inyathelo lokuqala ekwenzeni olu 'vavanyo loxinzelelo' esinokukwenza lula naphi na namhlanje. Ukongeza, wema ngokuqinileyo nxamnye nemiqobo yocalucalulo eyayikho kubahlengikazi abamnyama ngelo xesha. Ekhungathekile kukungabikho kwabantu abamnyama abamele abamnyama kwi-American Nurses Association, wajoyina nabanye abahlengikazi abali-14 ukuseka
i-National Black Nurses Association ngo-1971. Namhlanje, le nhlangano inamalungu angaphezu kwama-300,000. UMatidna Johnson wasweleka ngo-2003 eneminyaka engama-85 ubudala. Kodwa ibali lakhe, ukuzinikela kwakhe, kunye nenkonzo yakhe kwisayensi noluntu kusasifundisa isifundo esikhulu nanamhlanje. Nangona wayengumongikazi, waba nefuthe elingakanani kwintsimi efana ne-microbiology? Ibonisa ukuba akukho mida kulwazi lwethu, italente, kunye nomdla wethu.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Izinto ezifunyenweyo zesayensi zinokuvela kubantu nakwiindawo ezingalindelekanga. Umongikazi, umlimi, nabani na onomdla wokwazi nokuqwalasela izinto angatshintsha ihlabathi.
- Igalelo labasetyhini kwisayensi lidla ngokunganakwa kuyo yonke imbali. Kubalulekile ukunika udumo olufanelekileyo kumsebenzi wabo kunye nokwazisa amabali abo.
- Uthando lwakho nokuzinikela kwakho kubaluleke ngaphezu kweziqinisekiso zakho zobungcali.Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba namandla ngakumbi. Ukudibanisa ulwazi oluvela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunokufezekisa iziphumo ezimangalisayo.
- Ukuhlolwa koxinzelelo lwegazi lukaMatidna kubonisa indlela abaluleke ngayo amanyathelo ezempilo kuluntu. Ukuphuma esibhedlele uye kuluntu kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zempilo kunokusindisa ubomi babantu abaninzi.
UMatilda Johnson, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, umongikazi, isayensi, igalelo labasetyhini, isiphumo sikaMatilda, ipenicillin, umkhuhlane obomvu
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