Usenokuba ukhe waliva igama elithi lobotomy kwimuvi okanye kwincwadi. Xa uliva, liseza engqondweni njengento eyoyikisayo nengaqhelekanga, akunjalo? Yintoni ngokwenene? Kutheni oku kwenziwe ngaphambili? Ingaba kusenziwa nanamhlanje? Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngeempendulo zayo yonke le mibuzo engqondweni yakho ngendlela elula neyobuhlobo.
Yintoni kanye kanye i-lobotomy?
Ngamafutshane, i-lobotomy lutyando lobuchopho. Kodwa asilulo utyando lobuchopho oluphezulu esilwenzayo namhlanje. Yayiyindlela eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1940 noo-1950, oko kukuthi, kwiminyaka engama-70-80 eyadlulayo.
Ingqondo yethu yahlulwe yangamacandelo aliqela, okanye 'ii-lobes'. Inxalenye nganye yenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo. Olu tyando lwe-lobotomy lujolise kwi-frontal lobe yengqondo. Olu tyando lubandakanya ukunqumla umngxuma kwi-skull kunye nokuqhawula unxibelelwano lwemithambo-luvo phakathi kwe-frontal lobe kunye nenxalenye yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuba yi-thalamus.
Ngoku usenokuba ucinga, "Owu Thixo wam, kutheni besenza loo nto?" Ukuze siqonde isizathu, kufuneka sibuyele kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngelo xesha, kwakungekho unyango olusebenzayo lwezifo zengqondo ezinzima njengathi namhlanje. Izibhedlele zengqondo, okanye njengoko zazibizwa njalo ngelo xesha, zazizele zizigulana ezineengxaki zengqondo ezinzima. Zazinikwe iindlela ezimbalwa zonyango ezilinganiselweyo, ezifana nonyango lwe-electroconvulsive (ECT). Ngoko ke, utyando lwe-lobotomy lwafika kwindawo 'njengendlela yokugqibela' yokubonelela ngoncedo kwizigulana ezinjalo ezingenakunceda.
Olu tyando lwenziwa ngenxa yeziphi iimeko ngaphambili?
Ngelo xesha, oogqirha basebenzisa olu tyando kwizigulana ezazinezifo zengqondo ezingapheliyo kwaye zingazange zisabele kwezinye iindlela zonyango. Ezinye zeemeko eziphambili ziquka:
- Iingcinga nezenzo ezingafunekiyo eziphindaphindwayo ( i-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - i-OCD )
- Uxinzelelo oluqatha I-Schizophrenia
- Ingqondo
- I-Neurosis engapheliyo
- Ubuntu Obungenabuntu (Ubuntu Bengqondo)
Ngelo xesha, oogqirha babekholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kwesigulana kwakubangelwa ziimvakalelo ezingaqhelekanga nezingalawulekiyo kwinxalenye yangaphambili yobuchopho. Ngoko ke, babekholelwa ukuba ngokunqumla ezo nxibelelwano, isigulana siya kuba noxolo kwaye sithobeke , sikwazi ukuya ekhaya sihlale nosapho lwaso.
Enyanisweni, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba ngaphezulu kwama-40% ezigulana zakhululwa emakhaya emva kotyando. Nangona olu yayilutyando oludala noluyingozi namhlanje, lwalubonakala ngathi lithemba elitsha kubantu ngelo xesha.
Imbali emnyama ye-lobotomy
Olu tyando lwaqala ukwaziswa yisazinzulu sasePortugal uEgas Moniz. Wade wanikwa iMbasa yeNobel kwiMedicine ngo-1949 ngenxa yolu vumbululo. Ugqirha waseMelika ogama linguWalter Freeman waqhubeka nale ndlela. Wazisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-'transorbital'. Kuyo, kwafakwa isixhobo esibukhali soyilo lwakhe (esifana ne-ice pick) ngesokisi yeliso, ngaphezulu kweliso, engqondweni waza wasika imicu yemithambo-luvo. Wayijonga le njengendlela ekhawulezayo nelula, waza wenza amawaka otyando, kuquka nabantwana.
Kodwa zonke izinto azihambanga kakuhle. Olu tyando lube nemiphumo emibi kakhulu. Ubuntu bezinye izigulane batshintsha ngokupheleleyo. Baba ngabangenamdla, abanomdla kuyo nayiphi na into. Abanye balibala indlela yokuziphatha eluntwini baza baqala ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, oogqirha abaninzi babechasene nalo, kuba babekholelwa kakhulu ukuba ukutshintsha ubuntu bomntu ngotyando akulunganga.
Ngokufunyanwa kwamayeza asebenza kakhulu kwizifo zengqondo, njenge-chlorpromazine, ngeminyaka yoo-1950, imfuneko ye-lobotomy yaphela kancinci kancinci. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, indlela endala ye-lobotomy yayisele ishiywe ngokupheleleyo.
Zithini iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi zolu tyando?
Utyando lobuchopho luhlala luyingozi. Ngenxa yokuba ingqondo lilungu elibuthathaka kakhulu, umonakalo kuyo uhlala ungalungiseki. Itheyibhile engasezantsi idwelisa ezinye zeziphumo eziphambili ezinokubakho emva kwe-lobotomy endala.
| Imiphumela | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| Ukopha kwegazi ebuchosheni | Ukopha ebuchotsheni emva kotyando. |
| Usulelo lobuchopho kunye namathumba | Iintsholongwane ezingena ebuchotsheni ngotyando zize zibangele amathumba. |
| Isifo sokuwa | Ukuxhuzula okubangelwa kukulimala kwengqondo ngenxa yotyando. |
| Ukungakhathali | Ukuziva ungenamdla, uvuyo, okanye usizi kuyo nayiphi na into. |
| Ukuwohloka kobukrelekrele | Ukuncipha kwamandla okucinga, ukwenza izigqibo, nokukhumbula. |
| Ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga kwezentlalo | Ukungakwazi ukulawula iminqweno kunye nokuziphatha okuchasene nabantu. |
| Ukufa | Malunga ne-2% yezigulana zafa ngenxa yeengxaki ezibangelwe lutyando. |
Ngoko ke, ngaba iilobotomies zisaqhutywa nanamhlanje?
Impendulo emfutshane necacileyo kulo mbuzo ithi, "Hayi." Oko kukuthi, loo lobotomy indala, yakudala, nengacwangciswanga ayenziwa naphi na emhlabeni namhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba utyando lobuchopho lwesifo sengqondo luye lwaphela ngokupheleleyo. Olu tyando lubizwa ngokuba yi- 'psychosurgery ' okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, i-stereotactic neurosurgery . Ezi ziindlela ezahluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziphucuke kakhulu kune-lobotomy yakudala.
Indlela utyando olwenziwa ngayo namhlanje
Kule mihla, oogqirha banokwenza ii-scan (CT), ii-scan (MRI), ii-scan (EEG)Ukusebenzisa iindlela zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezifana no-, ukukhomba indawo echanekileyo yengxaki engqondweni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-millimeter. Emva koko, ngokusebenzisa isikrweqe esincinci kakhulu, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana ne-microscope kunye ne-gamma knife, kuphela yindawo encinci eneengxaki enyangwa ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho.
Olu hlobo lotyando lwenziwa kuphela kwiqela elincinci kakhulu lezigulana ezingakapholi kuzo zonke ezinye iindlela zonyango, kuquka amayeza kunye nonyango lwengqondo, ixesha elide. Lwenziwa ngoogqirha bemithambo-luvo abaqeqeshiweyo. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe apha ziphumelela ngakumbi, kwaye umonakalo engqondweni uncinci.
Namhlanje, ezi ndlela zotyando ziphucukileyo zikwasetyenziswa ukunyanga iintlungu ezinzima, isifo sokuwa, iingxaki zokunyakaza ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson, kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo ezinzima ezifana ne-OCD kunye nokudakumba. Enye indlela yanamhlanje ebizwa ngokuba yi- Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) ngoku isetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwezi meko.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-'lobotomy' yakudala yayilutyando lobuchopho lwakudala olwalusenziwa ngaphambili, xa kwakungekho nyango lumbi lwezifo zengqondo ezinzima.
- Yayineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi kakhulu, kwaye namhlanje olu tyando alwenziwa naphi na emhlabeni.
- Namhlanje, utyando lwengqondo lwezifo zengqondo luphucuke kakhulu. Lwenziwa ngomonakalo omncinci engqondweni, kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-MRI scans, kwaye lwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu, kwaye lusetyenziswa kuphela kwizigulana ezingaphumelelanga kuzo zonke ezinye iindlela zonyango.
- Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo unesifo sengqondo okanye ukuphazamiseka, eyona nto ilungileyo neyokuqala onokuyenza kukubona ugqirha wakho nize nithethe ngayo. Namhlanje, kukho unyango oluninzi olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo olufumanekayo.
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