Uma ungumama okhulelwe, cishe ucabanga kakhulu ngokuphepha komntwana wakho ongakazalwa. Eqinisweni, ezinye izinto ozithola ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa zingalimaza ingane yakho. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngezinto ezinjalo, esizibiza ngokuthi 'ama-teratogens' kwezesayensi yezokwelapha.

Iyini le teratogen?

Kalula nje, ama-teratogens yizinto okuthi uma zidliwe noma zichayeke kuzo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, zingabangela ukuphazamiseka kokuzalwa kumbungu wakho osakhula noma umbungu. Lokhu kungafaka imithi, amakhemikhali , izifo ezithile, kanye nezinto ezinobuthi . Ama-teratogens angandisa ingozi yokuphuphuma kwesisu , ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma ngisho nokuzalwa komntwana eseshonile .

Ingozi ye-teratogen inqunywa kanjani?

Manje, ukuthi ukuchayeka ku-teratogen kuyingozi kangakanani kuncike ezintweni eziningana:

• Akunandaba ukuthi uhlobo luni lomuthi, into ethile, noma ubuthi. Akuzona zonke izinto ezinemiphumela efanayo.
• Isikhathi esingakanani ubhekene nakho? Isikhathi esifushane, izinsuku, izinyanga?
• Inani (umthamo noma inani) lokuchayeka. Inani elincane noma elikhulu?
• Isikhathi sokukhulelwa yinani lamasonto umntwana ayekhona esibelethweni ngesikhathi evezwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunezinkathi lapho izitho ezahlukene zomntwana zikhula khona.
• Izici ezizuzwa njengefa zingandisa ingozi yengane. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube namathonya ezakhi zofuzo.

Ngakho-ke, kungcono kakhulu ukugwema lezi zinhlobo zama-teratogens phakathi nokukhulelwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ukuchayeka kuzo ngezikhathi ezithile zokukhula komntwana kungaba yingozi kakhulu .

Zivame kangakanani izinkinga zokuzalwa ezibangelwa ama-teratogens?

Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi phakathi kuka-4% no-5% weziphambeko zokuzalwa zibangelwa ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens. Futhi ukuchayeka kula ma-teratogens kutholakale ukuthi kuthinta nokukhula kwengqondo nokwenyama kwengane. Ngakho-ke, lokhu akuyona into okufanele ithathwe kalula, akunjalo?

Yiziphi izibonelo zama-teratogens?

Ama-teratogens yizinto ezingalimaza ingane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi angabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, andise ingozi yokuphuphuma kwesisu, ukuzalwa kwengane ifile, noma ezinye izinkinga zokukhulelwa . Ake sibheke ezinye zezibonelo eziyinhloko.

Utshwala, ugwayi, nezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa

Lezi yizinhlobo zama-teratogens abantu abaningi abazijwayele.

• Utshwala: Utshwala buthinta isimiso sezinzwa somntwana esiyinhloko. Ukuphuza utshwala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwandisa ingozi yesimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Lokhu kungabangela ingane ukuba ibe nezici zobuso ezingavamile, ikhanda elincane nobuchopho, kanye nezinye izinkinga zomzimba nezokuziphatha.

Akukho silinganiso sotshwala esingabhekwa njengesiphephile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

• Ugwayi: Ukubhema kungabangela ukuvinjelwa kokukhula kombungu, isisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa, kanye nokuphuphuma kwesisu. Ukubhema futhi kulimaza izicubu zamaphaphu kanye nobuchopho bomntwana obuzwelayo.
• Izidakamizwa: Izidakamizwa ezifana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, i-heroin, kanye nensangu ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa zingabangela isisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa, izinkinga zenhliziyo, kanye nesimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Ukuhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa ukungakhululeki okwenzeka lapho umntwana ezalwa. Futhi, ukwabelana ngezinaliti kungabangela izifo.

Imithi

Eminye imithi ethengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela kanye nemithi kadokotela ibhekwa njengemithi ye-teratogens. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukutshela udokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi oyithathayo. Uma uthenga imithi noma izithasiselo ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, funda ilebula ngokucophelela. Uma unenkinga ngokuphepha kwento ethile, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngokushesha. Kungcono ukuyeka ukuyisebenzisa uze uthole iseluleko sakhe.

Ezinye izibonelo zemithi engaba yi-teratogenic yilezi:

• Imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa (AEDs)
• Ama-antimicrobial
• Ama-anticoagulant (ama-blood thinner)
• Imithi yokulwa ne-thyroid
• I-Vitamin A (evame kakhulu kwezinye izikhilimu zesikhumba)
• Imithi yama-hormone

Cabanga nje, unesifo sokuwa, bese uthatha umuthi ofana ne-`(Phenytoin)` ngenxa yaso. Kungaba nemiphumela emibi enganeni, kodwa lowo muthi ungase ubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakho. Ezikhathini ezinjengalezi, odokotela bahlola izinzuzo nezingozi zokuthatha umuthi bese benza izinqumo ezizoba nengozi encane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Ukuphepha kwemithi kuhlukaniswa kanjani ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

I-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yasungula uhlelo lokuhlukanisa izingozi zemithi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Yayinezigaba ezinhlanu: A, B, C, D, kanye no-X.

Ngo-2015, kwethulwa uhlelo olusha olubizwa ngokuthi i-Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR). Lokhu kwasusa izigaba zezinhlamvu zangaphambilini. Uhlelo lwe-PLLR lunikeza odokotela ulwazi oluhlobene abaludingayo ukuze benze izinqumo lapho belapha omama abakhulelwe noma abancelisayo. Lucabangela ezinye izici eziningi futhi luveza idatha ngendlela engcono kodokotela.

Into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukuvumela umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha ukuthi anqume ngokuphepha komuthi ngokusekelwe kobuchwepheshe bakhe.

Izifo namagciwane

Ukutheleleka, amagciwane, amagciwane, nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kungaba yingozi enkulu kowesifazane okhulelwe kanye nosana lwakhe olungakazalwa. Isifinyezo esithi `(TORCH)` sisiza ekuhlukaniseni ezinye zalezi zifo:

• T – `(Toxoplasmosis)` (ukutheleleka okusabalala yindle yekati)
• O – Ezinye izifo – isibonelo, i-Group B Streptococcus, i-Listeria, i-Candida kanye nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs).
• R – `(Rubella)` (Rubella)
• C – `(i-Cytomegalovirus – i-CMV)` (i-Cytomegalovirus)
• H – `(Igciwane le-Herpes Simplex)` (Igciwane le-Herpes Simplex)
• Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izifo ezifana ne-`(Syphilis)` nazo zingawela kulesi sigaba.

Ezinye izifo namagciwane angabangela izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma izinkinga enganeni zifaka:

• I-chickenpox kanye ne-shingles
• I-Hepatitis B, i-Hepatitis C kanye nezinye izifo ze-hepatitis ezibangelwa yigciwane
• I-HIV `(HIV)`
• Isifo sesihlanu

Ubuthi bemvelo, amakhemikhali, noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo

Amanye amakhemikhali kanye nobuthi kungabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Lokhu kukhubazeka kokuzalwa kungafaka phakathi i-spina bifida, i-cleft palate, noma izinkinga zesimiso sezinzwa. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu kungcola noma amakhemikhali zifaka:

• Ukuchayeka emisebeni (isib., evela kuma-X-ray) noma ku-chemotherapy
• Ama-hot tub, ama-sauna, noma eminye imithombo yokushisa ekhulisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho
• I-Mercury (etholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi)
• Umthofu (ungatholakala kupende nasemapayipini emakhaya amadala)
• Amakhemikhali anobuthi noma izinsimbi ezisindayo endaweni yokusebenza noma ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza

Izimo zezokwelapha ezingamahlalakhona

Ezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona onazo zingandisa nengozi yomntwana wakho yokuzalwa enezinkinga. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi isifo sikashukela, isifo se-thyroid, kanye nezifo ezizimele njenge-lupus noma i-rheumatoid arthritis. Ingozi eyengeziwe yokuchayeka kuma-teratogens ivame ukuvela emithini esetshenziselwa ukwelapha lezi zimo, noma ezimweni zezokwelapha ezingalawulwa kahle.

Kubalulekile ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho nganoma yiziphi izimo ezikhona kakade onazo kanye nemithi oyiphuzayo. Kungase kudingeke futhi ushintshe indlela ophatha ngayo izimo zakho ezingamahlalakhona ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Kunini lapho ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuba kubi kakhulu?

Ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens kuyingozi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Kodwa-ke, ingozi iphakeme kancane phakathi namasonto ayisishiyagalombili okuqala okukhulelwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izitho eziningi zengane kanye nezinhlelo ziyakhula phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okwenza ingane izwele kakhulu emiphumeleni eyingozi yama-teratogens. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-teratogens angathinta ingane emavikini amabili ngemva kokukhulelwa, lapho isidoda sivundisa iqanda.

Isibonelo, amaphutha e-neural tube (ama-NTD) ayenzeka ngaphambi kwamasonto amahlanu okukhulelwa. I-neural tube yilapho kwakheka khona ubuchopho nomgogodla. Ama-NTD ayenzeka lapho i-neural tube ingavali kahle. Lokhu kungabangela izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphutha okuzalwa.

Yiziphi izinkinga zokuzalwa ezibangelwa ama-teratogens?

Ama-teratogen ayaziwa ukuthi abangela ukukhubazeka okuningi kokuzalwa. Ezinye zezifo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• Izinkinga ngobuchopho noma umgogodla, isibonelo, ukungabikho kobuchopho okuyingxenye noma okuphelele (i-anencephaly)
• Ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma kwesakhiwo, isibonelo, amathambo amancane noma izingxenye zomzimba ezingekho
• Umlomo oqhekekile nolwanga
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo noma izinkinga zesimiso sezinzwa (ukukhubazeka kwengqondo)
• Izinkinga zenhliziyo noma izifo zenhliziyo

Indlela yokugwema ama-teratogens ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ama-teratogens ukuhlela kusenesikhathi, uma kungenzeka. Uma uhlela ukukhulelwa, ungabhekana nezimo ezingamahlalakhona futhi wenze izinguquko endleleni yokuphila, njengokuyeka ukubhema.

Nokho, lokhu akwenzeki njalo. Uma usukhulelwe, kunezinto eziningana ongazenza ukuze unciphise ingozi yokuchayeka kuma-teratogens:

• Khuluma nodokotela wakho nganoma yimiphi imithi oyithathayo.
• Gwema ngokuphelele ukubhema, utshwala, nezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa.
• Ungathathi noma yiziphi izithasiselo zokudla okunempilo, imithi etholakala ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, noma imithi kadokotela ngaphandle kokubonisana nodokotela wakho.
• Gwema ukuhlanza amabhokisi emfucumfucu yekati.
• Gwema ama-hot tub, ama-sauna, nanoma yini ekhulisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho.
• Gwema ukudla izinhlanzi ezine-mercury eningi, njenge-tuna ne-swordfish.
• Khuluma nomphathi wakho noma umnyango wezabasebenzi mayelana namakhemikhali ayingozi endaweni yakho yokusebenza.

Kubalulekile ukuvuleleka nokwethembeka kudokotela wakho wokubeletha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhuluma iqiniso nganoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kotshwala noma izidakamizwa okwenzayo. Bakhona ukukusiza ukuthi ukhulelwe kahle futhi uphephile. Ungesabi ukubuza udokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yimiphi imithi noma izithasiselo. Kungcono ukuqaphela kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Ukuvikela ingane yakho engakazalwa kuma-teratogens ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinto eziyingozi zingadlulela enganeni yakho engakazalwa futhi zithinte kabi ukukhula kwayo. Ukugwema ama-teratogens kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukukhulelwa okunempilo futhi kunikeze ingane yakho isiqalo esihle empilweni.

Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngokukhululekile ngemithi oyiphuzayo, ukusebenzisa kwakho utshwala, kanye nezimo endaweni osebenza kuyo noma endaweni ohlala kuyo. Angaphendula imibuzo yakho mayelana nokuthi yini engabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa nokuthi ungazivikela kanjani wena nomntwana wakho.