Uma ukhulelwe umntwana, kungokwemvelo ukukhathazeka ngokujulile ngokuphepha komntwana wakho. Eqinisweni, ukuchayeka ezicini ezithile zemvelo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungaba yingozi enganeni yakho esakhula. Namuhla, sifuna ukukhuluma ngalezi zici—ezaziwa ngokwezokwelapha ngokuthi 'ama-teratogens'.
Ayini ama-Teratogens?
Kalula nje, ama-teratogens yizinto, uma uzigwinya noma uzimunca ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ezingabangela izinkinga zokuzalwa (ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa) kumbungu wakho osakhula noma umbungu. Lokhu kungafaka imithi, amakhemikhali , izifo ezithile, noma izinto ezinobuthi . Ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens kungandisa kakhulu ingozi yokuphuphuma kwesisu , ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma ngisho nokuzalwa komntwana eseshonile.
Yini enquma ubukhulu be-teratogen?
Izinga lengozi elibangelwa yi-teratogen lincike ezintweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
- Uhlobo lomuthi, umuthi, noma ubuthi. Akuzona zonke izinto ezithinta ukukhulelwa ngendlela efanayo.
- Isikhathi sokuvezwa. Ingabe kube ukuhlangana okufushane, noma ingabe ukuvezwa kwahlala izinsuku noma izinyanga?
- Izinga lokuchayeka (isilinganiso). Ingabe inani lalilincane noma likhulu?
- Ubudala bokukhulelwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izitho ezahlukene ziyakhula ngezigaba ezithile zokukhula komntwana wakho.
- Izici zofuzo. Ukwakheka kwakho kofuzo okuhlukile kungenza ingane yakho ibe sengozini enkulu noma encane yezingozi ezithile.
Ngakho-ke, ukugwema ama-teratogens kukho konke ukukhulelwa kwakho kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqhubekela phambili. Kodwa-ke, sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuchayeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kombungu kungaba yingozi kakhulu.
Zivame kangakanani izinkinga zokuzalwa ezibangelwa ama-teratogens?
Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi cishe u-4% kuya ku-5% wazo zonke izifo zokuzalwa zihlobene ngqo nokuvezwa yi-teratogenic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa okunjalo kuye kwabonakala kuthinta kokubili ukukhula kwengqondo nokwenyama kwengane. Lena indaba efanelwe ukunakwa kwakho okugcwele nokuqapha.
Yiziphi ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zama-teratogens?
Ama-teratogens yizinto ezaziwa ngokubangela umonakalo, kungaba ngokuholela ekuzalweni okukhubazekile, ukulahlekelwa ukukhulelwa, noma ezinye izinkinga zokukhulelwa . Ake sihlole izigaba ezivelele kakhulu.
Utshwala, Ugwayi, Nezidakamizwa Zokuzijabulisa
Mhlawumbe lezi yizinhlobo ze-teratogens ezaziwa kakhulu.
- Utshwala: Utshwala buthinta kakhulu isimiso sezinzwa sengane yakho. Ukuphuza utshwala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwandisa ingozi ye-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, engaholela ezicini zobuso ezingavamile, usayizi wekhanda elincane, kanye nezinselele zokuziphatha nezomzimba ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Akukho silinganiso esaziwayo sokusetshenziswa kotshwala esiphephile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
- Ugwayi: Ukubhema kunomthelela omkhulu ekuvinjelweni kokukhula kombungu, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nokuphuphuma kwesisu. Kungabangela nomonakalo ongenakulungiseka ezicutshini zamaphaphu engane yakho kanye nobuchopho obusathuthuka.
- Izidakamizwa Zokuzijabulisa:Izidakamizwa ezifana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamines, i-heroin, kanye nensangu zingaholela ekuzalweni okunesisindo esiphansi, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, kanye ne-Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome—isimo lapho umntwana eba nezimpawu zokuhoxa ngemva nje kokuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa izinaliti ezihlanganyelwe kuthwala ingozi enkulu yokutheleleka okubangelwa igazi.
Imithi
Kokubili imithi etholakala ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela kanye nemithi kadokotela ngezinye izikhathi ingasebenza njengemithi ye-teratogens. Kubalulekile ukuthi uthintane nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yimuphi umuthi noma isithasiselo. Funda amalebula ngokucophelela. Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuphepha komkhiqizo, xhumana nodokotela wakho ngokushesha; kuphephile ukugwema ukuwusebenzisa uze uthole imvume yobungcweti.
Izibonelo zemithi engaba yi-teratogenic zifaka:
- Imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa (AEDs)
- Ama-antimicrobial
- Ama-anticoagulant (ama-blood thinner)
- Imithi yokulwa ne-thyroid
- I-Vitamin A esezingeni eliphezulu (etholakala kwamanye ama-cream esikhumba)
- Imithi yama-hormone
Isibonelo, uma uphatha isimo esifana nesifo sokuwa, ungadinga imithi efana ne-phenytoin. Udokotela wakho uzohlola ngokucophelela izingozi nezinzuzo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wena nomntwana wakho nihlala niphephile ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi niphatha izidingo zenu zezempilo.
Izingozi zemithi zihlukaniswa kanjani ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
I-US FDA ngaphambilini yayisebenzisa uhlelo olusekelwe kuzinhlamvu (A, B, C, D, X) ukuhlukanisa izingozi ngezigaba. Ngo-2015, lokhu kwathathelwa indawo yi-Pregnancy and Labtation Labeling Rule (PLLR). Lo mthetho unikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe nolucebile ngomongo ukusiza abahlinzeki bezempilo ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngeziguli ezikhulelwe nezincelisayo.
Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ukwethemba umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ukuthi ahlole ukuphepha kwanoma yimuphi umuthi ngokusekelwe kuphrofayili yakho yezokwelapha ehlukile.
Izifo namagciwane
Ukutheleleka, amagciwane, izimuncagazi, kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kuyizingozi ezinkulu kuwe nakumntwana wakho. Isifinyezo esithi 'TORCH' sisiza odokotela ukuthi bahlukanise izifo ezivame ukuba yingozi enkulu:
- I-T - I-Toxoplasmosis (evame ukusabalala ngokuxhumana nendle yekati)
- O – Ezinye izifo (isib. Iqembu B Streptococcus, iListeria, iCandida, kanye nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi)
- R – I-Rubella
- C - Igciwane le-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Igciwane le -H - Herpes Simplex
- I-Syphilis nayo ifakiwe kulesi sigaba sengozi.
Ezinye izifo namagciwane angabangela izinkinga zifaka:
- I-chickenpox kanye ne-shingles
- I-Hepatitis B, i-Hepatitis C, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-hepatitis ezibangelwa yigciwane
- I-HIV
- Isifo sesihlanu
Ubuthi Bemvelo, Amakhemikhali, kanye Nezinto Ezibonakalayo
Amakhemikhali athile emvelo kanye nobuthi kungabangela ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, okuhlanganisa izinkinga ezifana ne-Spine Bifida, i-Cleft Palate, noma izinkinga zezinzwa. Izibonelo zalokhu kuvezwa okuyingozi zifaka:
- Ukuchayeka emisebeni (isib., ama-X-ray) noma ukwelashwa ngomdlavuza (i-Chemotherapy)
- Ama-hot tub, ama-sauna, noma eminye imithombo yokushisa ephakamisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho
- I-Mercury (etholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinhlanzi)
- I-lead (evame ukutholakala kupende nasemapayipini emizini emidala)
- Amakhemikhali ayingozi noma izinsimbi ezisindayo ezitholakala ezindaweni zokusebenza noma ezindaweni zokukhiqiza
Izimo Zezokwelapha Ezingapheli
Izifo ezithile ezingamahlalakhona ongase ube nazo zingandisa ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwengane yakho. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-Diabetes Mellitus, izifo ze-thyroid, kanye nezifo ezizimele ezifana ne-Lupus noma i-Rheumatoid Arthritis. Kulezi zimo, ingozi eyengeziwe yokuchayeka kuma-teratogens ivame ukubangelwa yimithi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha lezi zimo noma ngenxa yokuthi izimo aziphathwanga kahle.
Kubalulekile ukuxoxa nodokotela wakho nganoma yiziphi izimo zezokwelapha ezikhona kakade kanye nemithi oyiphuzayo. Kungase kudingeke ulungise uhlelo lokuphatha isimo sakho esingamahlalakhona ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakho.
Kunini lapho ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens kuyingozi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
Ukuchayeka kuma-teratogens kuyingozi kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhulelwa. Kodwa-ke, ingozi iphakeme kakhulu phakathi namasonto ayisishiyagalombili okuqala okukhulelwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, phakathi naleli windi, izitho eziningi nezinhlelo zengane yakho ziyakhula ngenkuthalo, okwenza ingane ibe nomuzwa omkhulu emiphumeleni eyingozi yama-teratogens. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ama-teratogens angathinta ingane emavikini amabili ngemva kokukhulelwa.
Isibonelo, ama-Neural Tube Defects (ama-NTD) ayenzeka ngaphambi kwesonto lesihlanu lokukhulelwa. I-neural tube iyisisekelo sobuchopho nomgogodla. Ama-NTD ayenzeka uma i-neural tube ingavali kahle, okungaholela ezifweni ezahlukene zokuzalwa.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa okubangelwa ama-teratogens?
Ama-teratogen ayaziwa ukuthi abangela ukukhubazeka okuningi kokuzalwa. Ezinye zezinkinga ezivame ukubonwa zifaka:
- Izinkinga zobuchopho noma zomgogodla, njenge-Anencephaly (lapho izingxenye zobuchopho noma ugebhezi zingekho khona)
- Ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma kwesakhiwo, njengokuntuleka kwezitho zomzimba noma izingxenye zomzimba ezingasebenzi kahle
- Umlomo oqhekekile nolwanga
- Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo noma izinkinga zesistimu yezinzwa
- Izinkinga zenhliziyo noma ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo
Ungakugwema kanjani ama-teratogens ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ama-teratogens ukuhlela ukukhulelwa kwakho kusenesikhathi uma kungenzeka. Ukuhlela kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule izifo ezingamahlalakhona futhi wenze izinguquko ezidingekayo endleleni yokuphila, njengokuyeka ukubhema.
Nokho, lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma usukhulelwe, kunezinyathelo eziningana ongazithatha ukuze unciphise ingozi yokuchayeka ku-teratogen:
- Xoxa nodokotela wakho nganoma yimiphi imithi oyiphuzayo.
- Gwema ngokuqinile ugwayi, utshwala, nezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa.
- Ungathathi noma yiziphi izithasiselo, imithi ethengwa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, noma imithi yamakhambi ngaphandle kokubonisana nodokotela wakho kuqala.
- Gwema ukuhlanza amabhokisi kadoti ukuze ugweme ukuchayeka ezilokazaneni ezithile.
- Gwema ama-hot tub, ama-sauna, nanoma yini ephakamisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho.
- Gwema ukudla izinhlanzi ezine-mercury eningi, njenge-tuna ne-swordfish.
- Khuluma nomphathi wakho noma umnyango wezabasebenzi nganoma yimaphi amakhemikhali ayingozi akhona endaweni yakho yokusebenza.
Kubalulekile ukuba nengxoxo evulekile nethembekile nodokotela wakho wokubeletha phakathi nokukhulelwa kwakho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuba neqiniso nganoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kotshwala noma izidakamizwa. Bakhona ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhulelwa kwakho kuphephile futhi kunempilo. Ungalokothi unqikaze ukubuza udokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuqala noma yimuphi umuthi noma isithasiselo. Ukuqaphela kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuyindlela engcono kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Imicabango yokugcina okufanele uyikhumbule
Ukuvikela ingane yakho kuma-teratogens ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kusiza ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nokuthi izinto ezithile eziyingozi zingafinyelela kanjani ingane yakho futhi zithinte kabi ukukhula kwayo. Ukugwema ama-teratogens kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo futhi kunikeza ingane yakho isiqalo esihle kakhulu empilweni.
Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngokukhululekile ngemithi oyiphuzayo, noma yikuphi ukuphuza utshwala, kanye nendawo osebenza kuyo noma ohlala kuyo. Bangaphendula imibuzo yakho mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezingadala ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa nokuthi ungazivikela kanjani wena kanye nomntwana wakho kangcono.
